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South America

Updated: Wikipedia source

South America

South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern subregion of the Americas. South America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Drake Passage; North America, the Caribbean Sea lying to the northwest, and the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula to the south. The continent includes twelve sovereign countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; two dependent territories: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and one internal territory: French Guiana. The Caribbean South America ABC islands (Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) and Trinidad and Tobago are geologically located on the South-American continental shelf, and thus may be considered part of South America as well. Panama, Ascension Island (a part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha) and Bouvet Island (a dependency of Norway) may also be considered parts of South America. South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2021 has been estimated at more than 434 million. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with almost half of the continent's population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Peru. In recent decades, Brazil has also generated half of the continent's GDP and has become the continent's first regional power. Most of the population lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. The geography of western South America is dominated by the Andes mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and vast lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon, Orinoco and Paraná flow. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of the Southern Cone located in the middle latitudes. The continent's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of Indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese, and societies and states are rich in Western traditions. Relative to Africa, Asia, and Europe, post-1900 South America has been a peaceful continent with few wars, although high rates of violent crime remain a concern in some countries.

Infobox

Area
17,840,000 km2 (6,890,000 sq mi) (4th)
Population
434,254,119 (2021; 5th)
Population density
21.4/km2 (56.0/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
$7.61 trillion (2022 est; 5th)
GDP (nominal)
$3.62 trillion (2022 est; 4th)
GDP per capita
$8,340 (2022 est; 5th)
Ethnic groups
mw- li Europeans and West Asians Indigenous peoples Sub-Saharan Africans Multiracial people Mestizo (European and Indigenous) Mulatto (European and Sub-Saharan African) Pardo (European, Indigenous, Sub-Saharan African) Zambo (Indigenous and Sub-Saharan African) East Asians South Asians
Religions
mw- 90.0% Christianity 67.4% Catholicism 22.6% Protestantism 1.0% other Christian 7.0% no religion1.3% Spiritism0.4% Islam0.3% Judaism1.0% other/unspecified
Demonym
South American
Countries
12 Brazil Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Venezuela Peru Paraguay Uruguay Guyana Suriname
Dependencies
External (2–5) Aruba[a] (Netherlands) Bouvet Island[b] (Norway) Curaçao[c] (Netherlands) Falkland Islands (United Kingdom) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[d] (United Kingdom) Internal (1–3) Ascension Island[e] (United Kingdom) Bonaire[f] (Netherlands) French Guiana (France)
Languages
Spanish Portuguese English French Dutch Aymara Guaraní Mapudungun Quechua Wayuu Sranan Tongo many others
Time zones
UTC−02:00 to UTC−05:00
Largest cities
Largest Cities São Paulo Lima Bogotá Rio de Janeiro Santiago Caracas Buenos Aires Salvador Brasília Fortaleza
UN M49 code
005 – South America419 – Latin America and the Caribbean019 – Americas001 – World

Tables

· List of states and territories
Argentina
Argentina
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Argentina
Area
2,766,890 km2(1,068,300 sq mi)
Population(2021)
45,276,780
Populationdensity
14.3/km2(37/sq mi)
Capital
Buenos Aires
Name(s) in official language(s)
Argentina
Bolivia / Mborivia / Wuliwya / Puliwya
Bolivia / Mborivia / Wuliwya / Puliwya
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Bolivia
Area
1,098,580 km2(424,160 sq mi)
Population(2021)
12,079,472
Populationdensity
8.4/km2(22/sq mi)
Capital
La Paz,Sucre
Name(s) in official language(s)
Bolivia / Mborivia / Wuliwya / Puliwya
Brasil
Brasil
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Brazil
Area
8,514,877 km2(3,287,612 sq mi)
Population(2021)
214,326,223
Populationdensity
22/km2(57/sq mi)
Capital
Brasília
Name(s) in official language(s)
Brasil
Chile
Chile
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Chile
Area
756,950 km2(292,260 sq mi)
Population(2021)
19,493,184
Populationdensity
22/km2(57/sq mi)
Capital
Santiago
Name(s) in official language(s)
Chile
Colombia
Colombia
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Colombia
Area
1,141,748 km2(440,831 sq mi)
Population(2021)
51,516,562
Populationdensity
40/km2(100/sq mi)
Capital
Bogotá
Name(s) in official language(s)
Colombia
Ecuador / Ikwayur / Ekuatur
Ecuador / Ikwayur / Ekuatur
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Ecuador
Area
283,560 km2(109,480 sq mi)
Population(2021)
17,797,737
Populationdensity
53.8/km2(139/sq mi)
Capital
Quito
Name(s) in official language(s)
Ecuador / Ikwayur / Ekuatur
Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Falkland Islands(United Kingdom)
Area
12,173 km2(4,700 sq mi)
Population(2021)
3,764
Populationdensity
0.26/km2(0.67/sq mi)
Capital
Stanley
Name(s) in official language(s)
Falkland Islands
Guyane
Guyane
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
French Guiana(France)
Area
91,000 km2(35,000 sq mi)
Population(2021)
297,449
Populationdensity
2.1/km2(5.4/sq mi)
Capital
Cayenne(Préfecture)
Name(s) in official language(s)
Guyane
Guyana
Guyana
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Guyana
Area
214,999 km2(83,012 sq mi)
Population(2021)
804,567
Populationdensity
3.5/km2(9.1/sq mi)
Capital
Georgetown
Name(s) in official language(s)
Guyana
Paraguay/Paraguái
Paraguay/Paraguái
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Paraguay
Area
406,750 km2(157,050 sq mi)
Population(2021)
6,703,799
Populationdensity
15.6/km2(40/sq mi)
Capital
Asunción
Name(s) in official language(s)
Paraguay/Paraguái
Perú/Piruw/Piruw
Perú/Piruw/Piruw
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Peru
Area
1,285,220 km2(496,230 sq mi)
Population(2021)
33,715,471
Populationdensity
22/km2(57/sq mi)
Capital
Lima
Name(s) in official language(s)
Perú/Piruw/Piruw
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands(United Kingdom)
Area
3,093 km2(1,194 sq mi)
Population(2021)
20
Populationdensity
0/km2(0/sq mi)
Capital
King Edward Point
Name(s) in official language(s)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Suriname
Suriname
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Suriname
Area
163,270 km2(63,040 sq mi)
Population(2021)
612,985
Populationdensity
3/km2(7.8/sq mi)
Capital
Paramaribo
Name(s) in official language(s)
Suriname
Uruguay
Uruguay
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Uruguay
Area
176,220 km2(68,040 sq mi)
Population(2021)
3,426,260
Populationdensity
19.4/km2(50/sq mi)
Capital
Montevideo
Name(s) in official language(s)
Uruguay
Venezuela
Venezuela
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Venezuela
Area
916,445 km2(353,841 sq mi)
Population(2021)
28,199,867
Populationdensity
27.8/km2(72/sq mi)
Capital
Caracas
Name(s) in official language(s)
Venezuela
Arms
Flag
Country / Territory
Area
Population(2021)
Populationdensity
Capital
Name(s) in official language(s)
Argentina
2,766,890 km2(1,068,300 sq mi)
45,276,780
14.3/km2(37/sq mi)
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Bolivia
1,098,580 km2(424,160 sq mi)
12,079,472
8.4/km2(22/sq mi)
La Paz,Sucre
Bolivia / Mborivia / Wuliwya / Puliwya
Brazil
8,514,877 km2(3,287,612 sq mi)
214,326,223
22/km2(57/sq mi)
Brasília
Brasil
Chile
756,950 km2(292,260 sq mi)
19,493,184
22/km2(57/sq mi)
Santiago
Chile
Colombia
1,141,748 km2(440,831 sq mi)
51,516,562
40/km2(100/sq mi)
Bogotá
Colombia
Ecuador
283,560 km2(109,480 sq mi)
17,797,737
53.8/km2(139/sq mi)
Quito
Ecuador / Ikwayur / Ekuatur
Falkland Islands(United Kingdom)
12,173 km2(4,700 sq mi)
3,764
0.26/km2(0.67/sq mi)
Stanley
Falkland Islands
French Guiana(France)
91,000 km2(35,000 sq mi)
297,449
2.1/km2(5.4/sq mi)
Cayenne(Préfecture)
Guyane
Guyana
214,999 km2(83,012 sq mi)
804,567
3.5/km2(9.1/sq mi)
Georgetown
Guyana
Paraguay
406,750 km2(157,050 sq mi)
6,703,799
15.6/km2(40/sq mi)
Asunción
Paraguay/Paraguái
Peru
1,285,220 km2(496,230 sq mi)
33,715,471
22/km2(57/sq mi)
Lima
Perú/Piruw/Piruw
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands(United Kingdom)
3,093 km2(1,194 sq mi)
20
0/km2(0/sq mi)
King Edward Point
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Suriname
163,270 km2(63,040 sq mi)
612,985
3/km2(7.8/sq mi)
Paramaribo
Suriname
Uruguay
176,220 km2(68,040 sq mi)
3,426,260
19.4/km2(50/sq mi)
Montevideo
Uruguay
Venezuela
916,445 km2(353,841 sq mi)
28,199,867
27.8/km2(72/sq mi)
Caracas
Venezuela
Total
17,824,513 km2(6,882,083 sq mi)
434,254,119
21.5/km2(56/sq mi)
· Economy
Argentina
Argentina
Country
Argentina
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
622
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
1,240
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
27
Merchandise exports$bn2022
103
Human Development Index2021
0.84
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
1
Bolivia
Bolivia
Country
Bolivia
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
47
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
125
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
10
Merchandise exports$bn2022
15
Human Development Index2021
0.69
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
2
Brazil
Brazil
Country
Brazil
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
2,130
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
4,100
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
20
Merchandise exports$bn2022
380
Human Development Index2021
0.75
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
6
Chile
Chile
Country
Chile
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
344
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
600
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
30
Merchandise exports$bn2022
107
Human Development Index2021
0.86
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
0.7
Colombia
Colombia
Country
Colombia
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
364
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
1,000
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
19
Merchandise exports$bn2022
72
Human Development Index2021
0.75
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
7
Ecuador
Ecuador
Country
Ecuador
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
120
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
243
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
13
Merchandise exports$bn2022
36
Human Development Index2021
0.74
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
3
Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands
Country
Falkland Islands
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
0.2
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
71
French Guiana
French Guiana
Country
French Guiana
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
5
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
20
Guyana
Guyana
Country
Guyana
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
16
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
49
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
61
Merchandise exports$bn2022
5
Human Development Index2021
0.71
Paraguay
Paraguay
Country
Paraguay
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
44
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
117
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
16
Merchandise exports$bn2022
15
Human Development Index2021
0.72
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
1.3
Peru
Peru
Country
Peru
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
265
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
550
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
16
Merchandise exports$bn2022
71
Human Development Index2021
0.76
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
3
Suriname
Suriname
Country
Suriname
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
3.5
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
11
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
18
Merchandise exports$bn2022
3
Human Development Index2021
0.73
Uruguay
Uruguay
Country
Uruguay
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
76
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
103
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
29
Merchandise exports$bn2022
23
Human Development Index2021
0.81
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
0.1
Venezuela
Venezuela
Country
Venezuela
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
92
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
21
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
8
Merchandise exports$bn2022
23
Human Development Index2021
0.69
Total
Total
Country
Total
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
4,100
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
8,200
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
19
Merchandise exports$bn2022
850
Country
GDP (nominal) $bn2023
GDP (PPP) $bn2023
GDP PPP per capita $,0002023
Merchandise exports$bn2022
Human Development Index2021
% with less than $2.15 per day2021
Argentina
622
1,240
27
103
0.84
1
Bolivia
47
125
10
15
0.69
2
Brazil
2,130
4,100
20
380
0.75
6
Chile
344
600
30
107
0.86
0.7
Colombia
364
1,000
19
72
0.75
7
Ecuador
120
243
13
36
0.74
3
Falkland Islands
0.2
71
French Guiana
5
20
Guyana
16
49
61
5
0.71
Paraguay
44
117
16
15
0.72
1.3
Peru
265
550
16
71
0.76
3
Suriname
3.5
11
18
3
0.73
Uruguay
76
103
29
23
0.81
0.1
Venezuela
92
21
8
23
0.69
Total
4,100
8,200
19
850
Religion in South America · Demographics › Religion
Argentina
Argentina
Countries
Argentina
Christians
88%
Roman Catholics
77%
Other Christians
11%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
11%
Bolivia
Bolivia
Countries
Bolivia
Christians
96%
Roman Catholics
74%
Other Christians
22%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
4%
Brazil
Brazil
Countries
Brazil
Christians
88%
Roman Catholics
64%
Other Christians
22%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
8%
Chile
Chile
Countries
Chile
Christians
70%
Roman Catholics
57%
Other Christians
13%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
25%
Colombia
Colombia
Countries
Colombia
Christians
92%
Roman Catholics
80%
Other Christians
12%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
7%
Ecuador
Ecuador
Countries
Ecuador
Christians
93%
Roman Catholics
80%
Other Christians
13%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
7%
Guyana
Guyana
Countries
Guyana
Christians
63%
Roman Catholics
7%
Other Christians
56%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
3%
Paraguay
Paraguay
Countries
Paraguay
Christians
96%
Roman Catholics
87%
Other Christians
9%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
2%
Peru
Peru
Countries
Peru
Christians
94%
Roman Catholics
81%
Other Christians
13%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
3%
Suriname
Suriname
Countries
Suriname
Christians
51%
Roman Catholics
29%
Other Christians
22%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
5%
Uruguay
Uruguay
Countries
Uruguay
Christians
58%
Roman Catholics
47%
Other Christians
11%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
41%
Venezuela
Venezuela
Countries
Venezuela
Christians
88%
Roman Catholics
71%
Other Christians
17%
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
8%
Countries
Christians
Roman Catholics
Other Christians
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
Argentina
88%
77%
11%
11%
Bolivia
96%
74%
22%
4%
Brazil
88%
64%
22%
8%
Chile
70%
57%
13%
25%
Colombia
92%
80%
12%
7%
Ecuador
93%
80%
13%
7%
Guyana
63%
7%
56%
3%
Paraguay
96%
87%
9%
2%
Peru
94%
81%
13%
3%
Suriname
51%
29%
22%
5%
Uruguay
58%
47%
11%
41%
Venezuela
88%
71%
17%
8%
· Demographics › Populace
São Paulo
São Paulo
Metro Area
São Paulo
Population
21,090,792
Area
7,947 km2 (3,068 sq mi)
Country
Brazil
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
Metro Area
Buenos Aires
Population
13,693,657
Area
3,830 km2 (1,480 sq mi)
Country
Argentina
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Metro Area
Rio de Janeiro
Population
13,131,431
Area
6,744 km2 (2,604 sq mi)
Country
Brazil
Lima
Lima
Metro Area
Lima
Population
9,904,727
Area
2,819 km2 (1,088 sq mi)
Country
Peru
Bogotá
Bogotá
Metro Area
Bogotá
Population
9,800,225
Area
4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi)
Country
Colombia
Santiago
Santiago
Metro Area
Santiago
Population
6,683,852
Area
15,403 km2 (5,947 sq mi)
Country
Chile
Belo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte
Metro Area
Belo Horizonte
Population
5,829,923
Area
9,467 km2 (3,655 sq mi)
Country
Brazil
Caracas
Caracas
Metro Area
Caracas
Population
5,322,310
Area
4,715 km2 (1,820 sq mi)
Country
Venezuela
Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre
Metro Area
Porto Alegre
Population
4,258,926
Area
10,232 km2 (3,951 sq mi)
Country
Brazil
Brasília
Brasília
Metro Area
Brasília
Population
4,201,737
Area
56,433 km2 (21,789 sq mi)
Country
Brazil
Metro Area
Population
Area
Country
São Paulo
21,090,792
7,947 km2 (3,068 sq mi)
Brazil
Buenos Aires
13,693,657
3,830 km2 (1,480 sq mi)
Argentina
Rio de Janeiro
13,131,431
6,744 km2 (2,604 sq mi)
Brazil
Lima
9,904,727
2,819 km2 (1,088 sq mi)
Peru
Bogotá
9,800,225
4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi)
Colombia
Santiago
6,683,852
15,403 km2 (5,947 sq mi)
Chile
Belo Horizonte
5,829,923
9,467 km2 (3,655 sq mi)
Brazil
Caracas
5,322,310
4,715 km2 (1,820 sq mi)
Venezuela
Porto Alegre
4,258,926
10,232 km2 (3,951 sq mi)
Brazil
Brasília
4,201,737
56,433 km2 (21,789 sq mi)
Brazil

References

  1. Sometimes included. Physiographically a part of South America, but geopolitically a part of North America. Aruba is a me
  2. Occasionally included. An isolated volcanic island near the boundary between the African Plate and the Antarctic Plate,
  3. Sometimes included. Physiographically a part of South America, but geopolitically a part of North America. Curaçao is a
  4. Geologically, South Georgia Island and the southernmost portion of mainland South America are both on the Scotia Plate w
  5. Occasionally included. An isolated volcanic island on the South American Plate, Ascension Island is geologically a part
  6. Sometimes included. Physiographically a part of South America, but geopolitically a part of North America.
  7. In some parts of the world, for example, Latin America, Romance-speaking Europe, and Iran, South America is viewed as a
  8. Except Bouvet Island, which has occasionally been included as a part of South America.
  9. Both administered as British Overseas Territories under The Crown, claimed by Argentina.
  10. An overseas department and region of France.
  11. Despite relative peace, some international tensions persist and intra-state levels of violence are high.
  12. Land areas and population estimates are taken from The 2008 World Factbook which currently uses July 2007 data, unless o
  13. La Paz is the administrative capital of Bolivia; Sucre is the constitutional and judicial capital of Bolivia.
  14. Includes Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean, a Chilean territory frequently reckoned in Oceania.
  15. Santiago is the administrative capital of Chile; Valparaíso is the site of legislative meetings.
  16. The territory has been fully integrated into the French central state and the European Union.
  17. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean has no permanent population, only hosting a per
  18. 95 municipalities and 3 Brazilian states have co-official languages, with 61 co-officialized languages. The list can be
  19. "World Population Prospects 2022"
    https://population.un.org/wpp/
  20. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100"
    https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx
  21. "GDP PPP, current prices"
    https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD
  22. "GDP Nominal, current prices"
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