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South Africa

Updated: Wikipedia source

South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. Its nine provinces are bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 miles) of coastline that stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini; and it encloses Lesotho. Covering an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres (471,445 square miles), the country has a population of over 63 million people (the 6th largest in Africa). Pretoria is the administrative capital, while Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament, is the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein is regarded as the judicial capital. The largest, most populous city is Johannesburg, followed by Cape Town and Durban. Archaeological findings suggest that various hominid species existed in South Africa about 2.5 million years ago, and modern humans inhabited the region over 100,000 years ago. The first known people were the indigenous Khoisan, and Bantu-speaking peoples who migrated, in waves, from west and central Africa to the region 2,000 to 1,000 years ago. In the north, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe formed in the 13th century. In 1652, the Dutch established the first European settlement at Table Bay, Dutch Cape Colony. Its invasion in 1795 and the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806 led to British occupation. The Mfecane, a period of significant upheaval, led to the formation of various African kingdoms, including the Zulu Kingdom. The region was further colonised, and the Mineral Revolution saw a shift towards industrialisation and urbanisation. Following the Second Boer War, the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 after the amalgamation of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange River colonies, becoming a republic after the 1961 referendum. The multi-racial Cape Qualified Franchise in the Cape was gradually eroded, and the vast majority of Black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation. After a largely non-violent struggle by the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country, the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid-1980s. Universal elections took place in 1994, following which all racial groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. Recognised as a middle power in international affairs, South Africa maintains significant regional influence and is a member of BRICS+, the African Union (hosting the seat of the Pan-African Parliament), SADC, SACU, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the G20. A developing, newly industrialised country, it has the largest economy in Africa by nominal GDP, is tied with Ethiopia for the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa, and is a biodiversity hotspot with unique biomes, plant, and animal life. South Africa encompasses a variety of cultures, languages, and religions, and has been called the "rainbow nation", especially in the wake of apartheid, to describe its diversity. Since the end of apartheid, government accountability and quality of life have substantially improved for non-white citizens. However, crime, violence, poverty, and inequality remain widespread, with about 32% of the population unemployed as of 2024, while some 56% lived below the poverty line in 2014. Having the highest Gini coefficient of 0.67, South Africa is considered one of the most economically unequal countries in the world.

Infobox

Republic of South Africa 10 other official languages Afrikaans:Republiek van Suid-AfrikaZulu:iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu AfrikaXhosa:iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi AfrikaPedi:Repabliki ya Afrika-BorwaSouthern Sotho:Rephaboliki ya Afrika BorwaTswana:Rephaboliki ya Aforika BorwaTsonga:Riphabliki ya Afrika DzongaSwati:iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-AfrikaVenda:Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika TshipembeSouthern Ndebele:iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika
Republiek van Suid-Afrika
Afrikaans:
Republiek van Suid-Afrika
Zulu:
iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika
Xhosa:
iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika
Pedi:
Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa
Southern Sotho:
Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa
Tswana:
Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa
Tsonga:
Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga
Swati:
iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika
Venda:
Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe
Southern Ndebele:
iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika
Capital
mw- Pretoria (executive)[a]Cape Town (legislative)[b]Bloemfontein (judicial)[c]
Largest city
Johannesburg
Official languages
12 languages Afrikaans English Ndebele Sepedi Sesotho Setswana South African Sign Language Swazi Tshivenda Xhosa Xitsonga Zulu Languages with special status Khoe languages NamaKhoisan languagesGermanGreekGujaratiHindiPortugueseTeluguTamilUrduArabicHebrewSanskrit
Ethnic groups (2022)
81.4% Black8.2% Coloured7.3% White2.7% Indian or Asian0.4% other
Religion (2022)
85.3% Christianity7.8% Traditional faiths3.1% No religion1.6% Islam1.1% Hinduism1.1% other
Demonym
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li South African
Government
Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
• President
Cyril Ramaphosa
• Deputy President
Paul Mashatile
• Speaker of the National Assembly
Thoko Didiza
• Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces
Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane
• Chief Justice
Mandisa Maya
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
National Council of Provinces
• Lower house
National Assembly
• Union
31 May 1910
• Statute of Westminster
11 December 1931
• Republic
31 May 1961
• Current constitution
4 February 1997
• Total
$426.38 billion (38th)
• Water (%)
0.380
• 2024 estimate
63,015,904 (23rd)
• 2022 census
62,027,503 (23rd)
• Density
50.8/km2 (131.6/sq mi) (169th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$6,670 (107th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2023)
63.0 } }very high inequality
HDI (2023)
0.741high (106th)
Currency
South African rand (ZAR)
Time zone
UTC 2 (SAST)
Date format
Short formats: yyyy/mm/dd yyyy-mm-dd
Calling code
27
ISO 3166 code
ZA
Internet TLD
za

Tables

· Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Eastern Cape
Eastern Cape
Province
Eastern Cape
Provincial capital
Bhisho
Largest city
Gqeberha
Area (km2)
168,966
Population (2022)
7,230,204
Free State
Free State
Province
Free State
Provincial capital
Bloemfontein
Largest city
Bloemfontein
Area (km2)
129,825
Population (2022)
2,964,412
Gauteng
Gauteng
Province
Gauteng
Provincial capital
Johannesburg
Largest city
Johannesburg
Area (km2)
18,178
Population (2022)
15,099,422
KwaZulu-Natal
KwaZulu-Natal
Province
KwaZulu-Natal
Provincial capital
Pietermaritzburg
Largest city
Durban
Area (km2)
94,361
Population (2022)
12,423,907
Limpopo
Limpopo
Province
Limpopo
Provincial capital
Polokwane
Largest city
Polokwane
Area (km2)
125,754
Population (2022)
6,572,720
Mpumalanga
Mpumalanga
Province
Mpumalanga
Provincial capital
Mbombela
Largest city
Mbombela
Area (km2)
76,495
Population (2022)
5,143,324
North West
North West
Province
North West
Provincial capital
Mahikeng
Largest city
Klerksdorp
Area (km2)
104,882
Population (2022)
3,804,548
Northern Cape
Northern Cape
Province
Northern Cape
Provincial capital
Kimberley
Largest city
Kimberley
Area (km2)
372,889
Population (2022)
1,355,946
Western Cape
Western Cape
Province
Western Cape
Provincial capital
Cape Town
Largest city
Cape Town
Area (km2)
129,462
Population (2022)
7,433,019
Province
Provincial capital
Largest city
Area (km2)
Population (2022)
Eastern Cape
Bhisho
Gqeberha
168,966
7,230,204
Free State
Bloemfontein
Bloemfontein
129,825
2,964,412
Gauteng
Johannesburg
Johannesburg
18,178
15,099,422
KwaZulu-Natal
Pietermaritzburg
Durban
94,361
12,423,907
Limpopo
Polokwane
Polokwane
125,754
6,572,720
Mpumalanga
Mbombela
Mbombela
76,495
5,143,324
North West
Mahikeng
Klerksdorp
104,882
3,804,548
Northern Cape
Kimberley
Kimberley
372,889
1,355,946
Western Cape
Cape Town
Cape Town
129,462
7,433,019

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