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Somalia

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Somalia

Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. Stretching across the Horn of Africa, it borders Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the Indian Ocean to the east. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland. Somalia has an estimated population of more than 18 million, of which 2.7 million live in the capital and largest city, Mogadishu. As one of Africa's most ethnically homogenous countries, around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis. The official and national language of the country is Somali while Arabic is recognized as a second language. The overwhelming majority of the population are Sunni Muslims. In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial centre. During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, and the Sultanate of the Geledi. In the late 19th century, the Somali sultanates were colonised by the Italian and British empires, who merged all of these tribal territories into two colonies: Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland. In 1960, the two territories united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government. Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic, brutally attempting to quash the Somaliland War of Independence in the north of the country. The SRC collapsed in 1991 with the onset of the Somali Civil War. The Transitional National Government of Somalia (TNG) was established in 2000, followed by the formation of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG) in 2004, which reestablished the Somali Armed Forces. At the end of 2006, a US-backed Ethiopian invasion overthrew the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), leading to the installation of the TFG in Mogadishu under an Ethiopian military occupation. The subsequent insurgency which emerged saw the ICU fragment into various rebel factions, including the militant group al-Shabaab, which waged a protracted conflict against Ethiopian forces. Al-Shabaab soon began asserting territorial control for the first time, and by late 2008 the insurgency had driven the Ethiopian army out of much of Somalia. In 2009, a new TFG government was established. By mid-2012, al-Shabaab lost most of its territories during fighting against the TFG and African Union troops. That same year, al-Shabaab pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. The insurgents still control much of central and southern Somalia, and wield influence in government-controlled areas, with the city of Jilib acting as the de facto capital for Al-Shabaab-controlled Islamic Emirate of Somalia. A new provisional constitution was passed in August 2012, reforming Somalia as a federation. The same month, the Federal Government of Somalia was formed and a period of reconstruction began in Mogadishu. Somalia is among the least developed countries in the world, as evidenced by its ranking in metrics such as GDP per capita and its position near the bottom of the Human Development Index, above only South Sudan. It has maintained an informal economy mainly based on livestock, remittances from Somalis working abroad, and telecommunications. It is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, African Union, Non-Aligned Movement, East African Community, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Mogadishu 2°2′N 45°21′E / 2.033°N 45.350°E / 2.033; 45.350
Official languages
Somali
Ethnic groups (2021)
mw- Somali: 85% Other: 15%
Religion
Sunni Islam (official)
Demonym
Somali
Government
Federal parliamentary republic
• President
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
• Prime Minister
Hamza Abdi Barre
Legislature
Federal Parliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of the People
• Land of Punt
2350 BC
• Macrobia
980 BC
• Barbaria
100 BC
• Adal Sultanate
9th century
• Mogadishu Sultanate
10th century
• Sultanate of Ifat
13th century
• Ajuran Sultanate
13th century
• Hiraab Imamate
16th century
• Geledi Sultanate
1695–1911
• Majeerteen Sultanate
1648–1927
• Sultanate of Hobyo
1878–1927
• Isaaq Sultanate
1749–1884
• British Somaliland
1884–1960
• Italian Somaliland
1889–1941
• Independence of the State of Somaliland from the United Kingdom
26 June 1960
• Independence of the Trust Territory of Somaliland from Italy and union with the State of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic
1 July 1960
• Current constitution
1 August 2012
• Total
$12.990 billion (147th)
• 2025 estimate
19,280,850 (66th)
• Density
27.2/km2 (70.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$766 (177th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2017)
36.8 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.404low (192nd)
Currency
Somali shilling (SOS)
Time zone
UTC 3 (EAT)
Calling code
252
ISO 3166 code
SO
Internet TLD
so
Recognized languages
Arabic
Second language
Arabic
Gini (2022 (Last available data))
35.2 } }medium inequality

Tables

· Demographics
Year
Year
Population
Year
Population
Million
1950
1950
Population
1950
Population
2.3
2000
2000
Population
2000
Population
9.0
2021
2021
Population
2021
Population
17.1
Population
Year
Million
1950
2.3
2000
9.0
2021
17.1

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