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Slavery in the United States

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Slavery in the United States

The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Slavery was found throughout European colonization in the Americas. From 1526, during the early colonial period, it was practiced in what became Britain's colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies that formed the United States. Under the law, children were born into slavery, and an enslaved person was treated as property that could be bought, sold, or given away. Slavery lasted in about half of U.S. states until abolition in 1865, and issues concerning slavery seeped into every aspect of national politics, economics, and social custom. In the decades after the end of Reconstruction in 1877, many of slavery's economic and social functions were continued through segregation, sharecropping, and convict leasing. Involuntary servitude as a punishment for crime remains legal. By the time of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the status of enslaved people had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry. During and immediately following the Revolution, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states and a movement developed to abolish slavery. The role of slavery under the United States Constitution (1789) was the most contentious issue during its drafting. The Three-Fifths Clause of the Constitution gave slave states disproportionate political power, while the Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3) provided that, if a slave escaped to another state, the other state could not prevent the return of the slave to the person claiming to be his or her owner. All Northern states had abolished slavery to some degree by 1805, sometimes with completion at a future date, and sometimes with an intermediary status of unpaid indentured servitude. Abolition was in many cases a gradual process. Some slaveowners, primarily in the Upper South, freed their slaves, and charitable groups bought and freed others. The Atlantic slave trade began to be outlawed by individual states during the American Revolution and was banned by Congress in 1808. Nevertheless, smuggling was common thereafter, and the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service (Coast Guard) began to enforce the ban on the high seas. It has been estimated that before 1820 a majority of serving congressmen owned slaves, and that about 30 percent of congressmen who were born before 1840 (the last of which, Rebecca Latimer Felton, served in the 1920s) owned slaves at some time in their lives. The rapid expansion of the cotton industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased demand for slave labor, and the Southern states continued as slave societies. The U.S., divided into slave and free states, became ever more polarized over the issue of slavery. Driven by labor demands from new cotton plantations in the Deep South, the Upper South sold more than a million slaves who were taken to the Deep South. The total slave population in the South eventually reached four million. As the U.S. expanded, the Southern states attempted to extend slavery into the new Western territories to allow proslavery forces to maintain power in Congress. The new territories acquired by the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Cession were the subject of major political crises and compromises. Slavery was defended in the South as a "positive good", and the largest religious denominations split over the slavery issue into regional organizations of the North and South. By 1850, the newly rich, cotton-growing South threatened to secede from the Union. Bloody fighting broke out over slavery in the Kansas Territory. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, slave states seceded to form the Confederacy. Shortly afterward, the Civil War began when Confederate forces attacked the U.S. Army's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. During the war some jurisdictions abolished slavery and, due to Union measures such as the Confiscation Acts and the Emancipation Proclamation, the war effectively ended slavery in most places. After the Union victory, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on December 6, 1865, prohibiting "slavery [and] involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime."

Tables

Slaves trafficked to the British colonies and United States:[370] · Geography and demography › Slave importation
1620–1700
1620–1700
Time period
1620–1700
Quantity
21,000
1701–1760
1701–1760
Time period
1701–1760
Quantity
189,000
1761–1770
1761–1770
Time period
1761–1770
Quantity
63,000
1771–1790
1771–1790
Time period
1771–1790
Quantity
56,000
1791–1800
1791–1800
Time period
1791–1800
Quantity
79,000
1801–1810
1801–1810
Time period
1801–1810
Quantity
124,000
1810–1865
1810–1865
Time period
1810–1865
Quantity
51,000
Total
Total
Time period
Total
Quantity
597,000
Time period
Quantity
1620–1700
21,000
1701–1760
189,000
1761–1770
63,000
1771–1790
56,000
1791–1800
79,000
1801–1810
124,000
1810–1865
51,000
Total
597,000
Origins and percentages of Africans imported into British North America and Louisiana (1700–1820)[373][374] · Geography and demography › Origins of American slaves
West-central Africa (Kongo, N. Mbundu, S. Mbundu)
West-central Africa (Kongo, N. Mbundu, S. Mbundu)
Origin
West-central Africa (Kongo, N. Mbundu, S. Mbundu)
Amount % (exceeds 100%)
26.1
Bight of Biafra (Igbo, Tikar, Ibibio, Bamileke, Bubi)
Bight of Biafra (Igbo, Tikar, Ibibio, Bamileke, Bubi)
Origin
Bight of Biafra (Igbo, Tikar, Ibibio, Bamileke, Bubi)
Amount % (exceeds 100%)
24.4
Sierra Leone (Mende, Temne)
Sierra Leone (Mende, Temne)
Origin
Sierra Leone (Mende, Temne)
Amount % (exceeds 100%)
15.8
Senegambia (Mandinka, Fula, Wolof)
Senegambia (Mandinka, Fula, Wolof)
Origin
Senegambia (Mandinka, Fula, Wolof)
Amount % (exceeds 100%)
14.5
Gold Coast (Akan, Fon)
Gold Coast (Akan, Fon)
Origin
Gold Coast (Akan, Fon)
Amount % (exceeds 100%)
13.1
Windward Coast (Mandé, Kru)
Windward Coast (Mandé, Kru)
Origin
Windward Coast (Mandé, Kru)
Amount % (exceeds 100%)
5.2
Bight of Benin (Yoruba, Ewe, Fon, Allada and Mahi)
Bight of Benin (Yoruba, Ewe, Fon, Allada and Mahi)
Origin
Bight of Benin (Yoruba, Ewe, Fon, Allada and Mahi)
Amount % (exceeds 100%)
4.3
Southeast Africa (Macua, Malagasy)
Southeast Africa (Macua, Malagasy)
Origin
Southeast Africa (Macua, Malagasy)
Amount % (exceeds 100%)
1.8
Origin
Amount % (exceeds 100%)
West-central Africa (Kongo, N. Mbundu, S. Mbundu)
26.1
Bight of Biafra (Igbo, Tikar, Ibibio, Bamileke, Bubi)
24.4
Sierra Leone (Mende, Temne)
15.8
Senegambia (Mandinka, Fula, Wolof)
14.5
Gold Coast (Akan, Fon)
13.1
Windward Coast (Mandé, Kru)
5.2
Bight of Benin (Yoruba, Ewe, Fon, Allada and Mahi)
4.3
Southeast Africa (Macua, Malagasy)
1.8
· Geography and demography › Distribution of slaves
1790
1790
CensusYear
1790
# Slaves
697,681
# FreeAfricans
59,527
TotalAfricans
757,208
% FreeAfricans
8%
Total USpopulation
3,929,214
% Africansof total
19%
1800
1800
CensusYear
1800
# Slaves
893,602
# FreeAfricans
108,435
TotalAfricans
1,002,037
% FreeAfricans
11%
Total USpopulation
5,308,483
% Africansof total
19%
1810
1810
CensusYear
1810
# Slaves
1,191,362
# FreeAfricans
186,446
TotalAfricans
1,377,808
% FreeAfricans
14%
Total USpopulation
7,239,881
% Africansof total
19%
1820
1820
CensusYear
1820
# Slaves
1,538,022
# FreeAfricans
233,634
TotalAfricans
1,771,656
% FreeAfricans
13%
Total USpopulation
9,638,453
% Africansof total
18%
1830
1830
CensusYear
1830
# Slaves
2,009,043
# FreeAfricans
319,599
TotalAfricans
2,328,642
% FreeAfricans
14%
Total USpopulation
12,860,702
% Africansof total
18%
1840
1840
CensusYear
1840
# Slaves
2,487,355
# FreeAfricans
386,293
TotalAfricans
2,873,648
% FreeAfricans
13%
Total USpopulation
17,063,353
% Africansof total
17%
1850
1850
CensusYear
1850
# Slaves
3,204,313
# FreeAfricans
434,495
TotalAfricans
3,638,808
% FreeAfricans
12%
Total USpopulation
23,191,876
% Africansof total
16%
1860
1860
CensusYear
1860
# Slaves
3,953,760
# FreeAfricans
488,070
TotalAfricans
4,441,830
% FreeAfricans
11%
Total USpopulation
31,443,321
% Africansof total
14%
1870
1870
CensusYear
1870
# Slaves
0
# FreeAfricans
4,880,009
TotalAfricans
4,880,009
% FreeAfricans
100%
Total USpopulation
38,558,371
% Africansof total
13%
Source:.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- } }"Distribution of Slaves in U.S. History". Retrieved May 13, 2010.
Source:.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- } }"Distribution of Slaves in U.S. History". Retrieved May 13, 2010.
CensusYear
Source:.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- } }"Distribution of Slaves in U.S. History". Retrieved May 13, 2010.
CensusYear
# Slaves
# FreeAfricans
TotalAfricans
% FreeAfricans
Total USpopulation
% Africansof total
1790
697,681
59,527
757,208
8%
3,929,214
19%
1800
893,602
108,435
1,002,037
11%
5,308,483
19%
1810
1,191,362
186,446
1,377,808
14%
7,239,881
19%
1820
1,538,022
233,634
1,771,656
13%
9,638,453
18%
1830
2,009,043
319,599
2,328,642
14%
12,860,702
18%
1840
2,487,355
386,293
2,873,648
13%
17,063,353
17%
1850
3,204,313
434,495
3,638,808
12%
23,191,876
16%
1860
3,953,760
488,070
4,441,830
11%
31,443,321
14%
1870
0
4,880,009
4,880,009
100%
38,558,371
13%
Source:.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- } }"Distribution of Slaves in U.S. History". Retrieved May 13, 2010.
Total Slave Population in U.S., 1790–1860, by State and Territory[376][377] · Geography and demography › Distribution of slaves
All States
All States
CensusYear
All States
1790
694,207
1800
893,308
1810
1,191,338
1820
1,531,490
1830
2,009,079
1840
2,487,392
1850
3,204,215
1860
3,953,820
Alabama
Alabama
CensusYear
Alabama
1790
1800
494
1810
2,565
1820
41,879
1830
117,549
1840
253,532
1850
342,844
1860
435,080
Arkansas
Arkansas
CensusYear
Arkansas
1790
1800
1810
136
1820
1,617
1830
4,576
1840
19,935
1850
47,100
1860
111,115
California
California
CensusYear
California
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
0
1860
0
Connecticut
Connecticut
CensusYear
Connecticut
1790
2,648
1800
951
1810
310
1820
97
1830
25
1840
54
1850
0
1860
0
Delaware
Delaware
CensusYear
Delaware
1790
8,887
1800
6,153
1810
4,177
1820
4,509
1830
3,292
1840
2,605
1850
2,290
1860
1,798
District of Columbia
District of Columbia
CensusYear
District of Columbia
1790
1800
2,072
1810
3,554
1820
4,520
1830
4,505
1840
3,320
1850
3,687
1860
3,185
Florida
Florida
CensusYear
Florida
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
15,501
1840
25,717
1850
39,310
1860
61,745
Georgia
Georgia
CensusYear
Georgia
1790
29,264
1800
59,699
1810
105,218
1820
149,656
1830
217,531
1840
280,944
1850
381,682
1860
462,198
Illinois
Illinois
CensusYear
Illinois
1790
1800
107
1810
168
1820
917
1830
747
1840
331
1850
0
1860
0
Indiana
Indiana
CensusYear
Indiana
1790
1800
28
1810
237
1820
190
1830
3
1840
3
1850
0
1860
0
Iowa
Iowa
CensusYear
Iowa
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
16
1850
0
1860
0
Kansas
Kansas
CensusYear
Kansas
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
2
Kentucky
Kentucky
CensusYear
Kentucky
1790
12,430
1800
40,343
1810
80,561
1820
126,732
1830
165,213
1840
182,258
1850
210,981
1860
225,483
Louisiana
Louisiana
CensusYear
Louisiana
1790
1800
1810
34,660
1820
69,064
1830
109,588
1840
168,452
1850
244,809
1860
331,726
Maine
Maine
CensusYear
Maine
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
2
1840
0
1850
0
1860
0
Maryland
Maryland
CensusYear
Maryland
1790
103,036
1800
105,635
1810
111,502
1820
107,398
1830
102,994
1840
89,737
1850
90,368
1860
87,189
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
CensusYear
Massachusetts
1790
0
1800
0
1810
0
1820
0
1830
1
1840
0
1850
0
1860
0
Michigan
Michigan
CensusYear
Michigan
1790
1800
1810
24
1820
0
1830
1
1840
0
1850
0
1860
0
Minnesota
Minnesota
CensusYear
Minnesota
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
0
1860
0
Mississippi
Mississippi
CensusYear
Mississippi
1790
1800
2,995
1810
14,523
1820
32,814
1830
65,659
1840
195,211
1850
309,878
1860
436,631
Missouri
Missouri
CensusYear
Missouri
1790
1800
1810
1820
10,222
1830
25,096
1840
58,240
1850
87,422
1860
114,931
Nebraska
Nebraska
CensusYear
Nebraska
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
15
Nevada
Nevada
CensusYear
Nevada
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
0
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
CensusYear
New Hampshire
1790
157
1800
8
1810
0
1820
0
1830
3
1840
1
1850
0
1860
0
New Jersey
New Jersey
CensusYear
New Jersey
1790
11,423
1800
12,422
1810
10,851
1820
7,557
1830
2,254
1840
674
1850
236
1860
18
New York
New York
CensusYear
New York
1790
21,193
1800
20,613
1810
15,017
1820
10,088
1830
75
1840
4
1850
0
1860
0
North Carolina
North Carolina
CensusYear
North Carolina
1790
100,783
1800
133,296
1810
168,824
1820
205,017
1830
245,601
1840
245,817
1850
288,548
1860
331,059
Ohio
Ohio
CensusYear
Ohio
1790
1800
0
1810
0
1820
0
1830
6
1840
3
1850
0
1860
0
Oregon
Oregon
CensusYear
Oregon
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
0
1860
0
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
CensusYear
Pennsylvania
1790
3,707
1800
1,706
1810
795
1820
211
1830
403
1840
64
1850
0
1860
0
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
CensusYear
Rhode Island
1790
958
1800
380
1810
108
1820
48
1830
17
1840
5
1850
0
1860
0
South Carolina
South Carolina
CensusYear
South Carolina
1790
107,094
1800
146,151
1810
196,365
1820
251,783
1830
315,401
1840
327,038
1850
384,984
1860
402,406
Tennessee
Tennessee
CensusYear
Tennessee
1790
3,417
1800
13,584
1810
44,535
1820
80,107
1830
141,603
1840
183,059
1850
239,459
1860
275,719
Texas
Texas
CensusYear
Texas
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
58,161
1860
182,566
Utah
Utah
CensusYear
Utah
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
26
1860
29
Vermont
Vermont
CensusYear
Vermont
1790
0
1800
0
1810
0
1820
0
1830
0
1840
0
1850
0
1860
0
Virginia
Virginia
CensusYear
Virginia
1790
287,959
1800
339,499
1810
383,521
1820
411,886
1830
453,698
1840
431,873
1850
452,028
1860
472,494
West Virginia
West Virginia
CensusYear
West Virginia
1790
4,668
1800
7,172
1810
10,836
1820
15,178
1830
17,673
1840
18,488
1850
20,428
1860
18,371
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
CensusYear
Wisconsin
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
11
1850
4
1860
0
CensusYear
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
All States
694,207
893,308
1,191,338
1,531,490
2,009,079
2,487,392
3,204,215
3,953,820
Alabama
494
2,565
41,879
117,549
253,532
342,844
435,080
Arkansas
136
1,617
4,576
19,935
47,100
111,115
California
0
0
Connecticut
2,648
951
310
97
25
54
0
0
Delaware
8,887
6,153
4,177
4,509
3,292
2,605
2,290
1,798
District of Columbia
2,072
3,554
4,520
4,505
3,320
3,687
3,185
Florida
15,501
25,717
39,310
61,745
Georgia
29,264
59,699
105,218
149,656
217,531
280,944
381,682
462,198
Illinois
107
168
917
747
331
0
0
Indiana
28
237
190
3
3
0
0
Iowa
16
0
0
Kansas
2
Kentucky
12,430
40,343
80,561
126,732
165,213
182,258
210,981
225,483
Louisiana
34,660
69,064
109,588
168,452
244,809
331,726
Maine
2
0
0
0
Maryland
103,036
105,635
111,502
107,398
102,994
89,737
90,368
87,189
Massachusetts
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Michigan
24
0
1
0
0
0
Minnesota
0
0
Mississippi
2,995
14,523
32,814
65,659
195,211
309,878
436,631
Missouri
10,222
25,096
58,240
87,422
114,931
Nebraska
15
Nevada
0
New Hampshire
157
8
0
0
3
1
0
0
New Jersey
11,423
12,422
10,851
7,557
2,254
674
236
18
New York
21,193
20,613
15,017
10,088
75
4
0
0
North Carolina
100,783
133,296
168,824
205,017
245,601
245,817
288,548
331,059
Ohio
0
0
0
6
3
0
0
Oregon
0
0
Pennsylvania
3,707
1,706
795
211
403
64
0
0
Rhode Island
958
380
108
48
17
5
0
0
South Carolina
107,094
146,151
196,365
251,783
315,401
327,038
384,984
402,406
Tennessee
3,417
13,584
44,535
80,107
141,603
183,059
239,459
275,719
Texas
58,161
182,566
Utah
26
29
Vermont
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Virginia
287,959
339,499
383,521
411,886
453,698
431,873
452,028
472,494
West Virginia
4,668
7,172
10,836
15,178
17,673
18,488
20,428
18,371
Wisconsin
11
4
0
· Geography and demography › Distribution of slaveholders
15 states where slavery was legal
15 states where slavery was legal
Group of States
15 states where slavery was legal
States in Group
Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia
Slave-Owning Families
26%
11 states that seceded
11 states that seceded
Group of States
11 states that seceded
States in Group
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia
Slave-Owning Families
31%
7 states that seceded before Lincoln's inauguration
7 states that seceded before Lincoln's inauguration
Group of States
7 states that seceded before Lincoln's inauguration
States in Group
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas
Slave-Owning Families
37%
4 states that seceded later
4 states that seceded later
Group of States
4 states that seceded later
States in Group
Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
Slave-Owning Families
25%
4 slave states that did not secede
4 slave states that did not secede
Group of States
4 slave states that did not secede
States in Group
Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri
Slave-Owning Families
16%
Group of States
States in Group
Slave-Owning Families
15 states where slavery was legal
Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia
26%
11 states that seceded
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia
31%
7 states that seceded before Lincoln's inauguration
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas
37%
4 states that seceded later
Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
25%
4 slave states that did not secede
Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri
16%

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