Topzle Topzle

Six-Day War

Updated: Wikipedia source

Six-Day War

The Six-Day War, or the 1967 Arab–Israeli war (5–10 June 1967), was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states, primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan within the context of the Arab–Israeli conflict. In the war, Israel captured and occupied the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan, the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Military hostilities broke out amid poor relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors, who had been observing the 1949 Armistice Agreements signed at the end of the First Arab–Israeli War. In 1956, regional tensions over the Straits of Tiran (giving access to Eilat, a port on the southeast tip of Israel) escalated in what became known as the Suez Crisis, when Israel invaded Egypt over the Egyptian closure of maritime passageways to Israeli shipping, ultimately resulting in the re-opening of the Straits of Tiran to Israel as well as the deployment of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) along the Egypt–Israel border. In the months prior to the outbreak of the Six-Day War in June 1967, tensions again became dangerously heightened: Israel reiterated its post-1956 position that another Egyptian closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping would be a definite casus belli. In May 1967, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser announced that the Straits of Tiran would again be closed to Israeli vessels. He subsequently mobilized the Egyptian military into defensive lines along the border with Israel and ordered the immediate withdrawal of all UNEF personnel. On 5 June 1967, as the UNEF was in the process of leaving the zone, Israel launched a series of airstrikes against Egyptian airfields and other facilities in what is known as Operation Focus. Egyptian forces were caught by surprise, and nearly all of Egypt's military aerial assets were destroyed, giving Israel air supremacy. Simultaneously, the Israeli military launched a ground offensive into Egypt's Sinai Peninsula as well as the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip. After some initial resistance, Nasser ordered an evacuation of the Sinai Peninsula; by the sixth day of the conflict, Israel had occupied the entire Sinai Peninsula. Jordan, which had entered into a defense pact with Egypt just a week before the war began, did not take on an all-out offensive role against Israel, but launched attacks against Israeli forces to slow Israel's advance. On the fifth day, Syria joined the war by shelling Israeli positions in the north. Egypt and Jordan agreed to a ceasefire on 8 June, and Syria on 9 June, and it was signed with Israel on 11 June. The Six-Day War resulted in more than 15,000 Arab fatalities, while Israel suffered fewer than 1,000. Alongside the combatant casualties were the deaths of 20 Israeli civilians killed in Arab forces air strikes on Jerusalem, 15 UN peacekeepers killed by Israeli strikes in the Sinai at the outset of the war, and 34 US personnel killed in the USS Liberty incident in which Israeli air forces struck a United States Navy technical research ship. At the time of the cessation of hostilities, Israel had occupied the Golan Heights from Syria, the West Bank including East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip from Egypt. The displacement of civilian populations as a result of the Six-Day War would have long-term consequences, as around 280,000 to 325,000 Palestinians and 100,000 Syrians fled or were expelled from the West Bank and the Golan Heights, respectively. Nasser resigned in shame after Israel's victory, but was later reinstated following a series of protests across Egypt. In the aftermath of the conflict, Egypt closed the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975.

Infobox

Date
5–10 June 1967 (6 days)
Location
Middle East
Result
Israeli victory
Territorialchanges
Israel occupies a total of 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi) of territory: The Golan Heights from Syria The West Bank including East Jerusalem from Jordan The Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt

Tables

· Armies and weapons › Weapons
AFVs
AFVs
Type
AFVs
Arab armies
Egypt, Syria and Iraq used T-34/85, T-54, T-55, PT-76, and SU-100/152 World War II-vintage Soviet self-propelled guns. Jordan used US M47, M48, and M48A1 Patton tanks. Panzer IV, Sturmgeschütz III and Jagdpanzer IV (ex-German vehicles all used by Syria)
IDF
M50 and M51 Shermans, M48A3 Patton, Centurion, AMX-13, M32 tank recovery vehicle. The Centurion was upgraded with the British 105 mm L7 gun prior to the war. The Sherman also underwent extensive modifications including a larger 105 mm medium velocity, French gun, redesigned turret, wider tracks, more armor, and upgraded engine and suspension.
APCs/IFVs
APCs/IFVs
Type
APCs/IFVs
Arab armies
BTR-40, BTR-152, BTR-50, BTR-60 APCs
IDF
M2, / M3 Half-track, Panhard AML
Artillery
Artillery
Type
Artillery
Arab armies
M1937 howitzer, BM-21, D-30 (2A18) howitzer, M1954 field gun, M-52 105 mm self-propelled howitzer (used by Jordan)
IDF
M50 self-propelled howitzer and Makmat 160 mm self-propelled mortar, M7 Priest, Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50, AMX 105 mm self-propelled howitzer
Aircraft
Aircraft
Type
Aircraft
Arab armies
MiG-21, MiG-19, MiG-17, Su-7B, Tu-16, Il-28, Il-18, Il-14, An-12, Hawker Hunter used by Jordan and Iraq
IDF
Dassault Mirage III, Dassault Super Mystère, Sud Aviation Vautour, Mystere IV, Dassault Ouragan, Fouga Magister trainer outfitted for attack missions, Nord 2501IS military cargo plane
Helicopters
Helicopters
Type
Helicopters
Arab armies
Mi-6, Mi-4
IDF
Super Frelon, Sikorsky S-58
AAW
AAW
Type
AAW
Arab armies
SA-2 Guideline, ZSU-57-2 mobile anti-aircraft cannon
IDF
MIM-23 Hawk, Bofors 40 mm
Infantry weapons
Infantry weapons
Type
Infantry weapons
Arab armies
Port Said submachine gun, AK-47, RPK, RPD, DShK HMG, B-10 and B-11 recoilless rifles
IDF
Uzi, FN FAL, FN MAG, AK-47, M2 Browning, Cobra, Nord SS.10, Nord SS.11, RL-83 Blindicide anti-tank infantry weapon, Jeep-mounted 106 mm recoilless rifle
Type
Arab armies
IDF
AFVs
Egypt, Syria and Iraq used T-34/85, T-54, T-55, PT-76, and SU-100/152 World War II-vintage Soviet self-propelled guns. Jordan used US M47, M48, and M48A1 Patton tanks. Panzer IV, Sturmgeschütz III and Jagdpanzer IV (ex-German vehicles all used by Syria)
M50 and M51 Shermans, M48A3 Patton, Centurion, AMX-13, M32 tank recovery vehicle. The Centurion was upgraded with the British 105 mm L7 gun prior to the war. The Sherman also underwent extensive modifications including a larger 105 mm medium velocity, French gun, redesigned turret, wider tracks, more armor, and upgraded engine and suspension.
APCs/IFVs
BTR-40, BTR-152, BTR-50, BTR-60 APCs
M2, / M3 Half-track, Panhard AML
Artillery
M1937 howitzer, BM-21, D-30 (2A18) howitzer, M1954 field gun, M-52 105 mm self-propelled howitzer (used by Jordan)
M50 self-propelled howitzer and Makmat 160 mm self-propelled mortar, M7 Priest, Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50, AMX 105 mm self-propelled howitzer
Aircraft
MiG-21, MiG-19, MiG-17, Su-7B, Tu-16, Il-28, Il-18, Il-14, An-12, Hawker Hunter used by Jordan and Iraq
Dassault Mirage III, Dassault Super Mystère, Sud Aviation Vautour, Mystere IV, Dassault Ouragan, Fouga Magister trainer outfitted for attack missions, Nord 2501IS military cargo plane
Helicopters
Mi-6, Mi-4
Super Frelon, Sikorsky S-58
AAW
SA-2 Guideline, ZSU-57-2 mobile anti-aircraft cannon
MIM-23 Hawk, Bofors 40 mm
Infantry weapons
Port Said submachine gun, AK-47, RPK, RPD, DShK HMG, B-10 and B-11 recoilless rifles
Uzi, FN FAL, FN MAG, AK-47, M2 Browning, Cobra, Nord SS.10, Nord SS.11, RL-83 Blindicide anti-tank infantry weapon, Jeep-mounted 106 mm recoilless rifle

References

  1. Hebrew: מִלְחֶמֶת שֵׁשֶׁת הַיָּמִים, romanized: Milḥemet Šešet HaYamim; Arabic: النكسة, romanized: an-Naksah, lit. 'The
  2. Shlaim writes: "To understand Hussein's conduct during the June 1967 War it is essential to recall that he had handed ov
  3. On the initial Jordanian attack, Shlaim writes: "The cable was from First Vice-President and Deputy Supreme Commander Fi
  4. Israel clearly did not want the US Government to know too much about its dispositions for attacking Syria, initially pla
  5. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/17/AR2007051701976.html
  6. Oren (2002), p. 237.
  7. Wars in the Third World Since 1945
  8. Office of the Historian
    https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/arab-israeli-war-1967
  9. International Review of the Red Cross
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1816383107001142
  10. Stone (2004), p. 217.
  11. Oren (2002), p. 171.
    https://archive.org/details/sixdaysofwarjune0000oren/page/171
  12. Tucker (2015), pp. 540–541.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xhGFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA540
  13. Tucker (2004), p. 176.
  14. Pollack (2004), p. 59.
  15. Oren (2002), p. 176.
  16. Morris (2001), p. 318.
  17. Ehteshami & Hinnebusch (1997), p. 76.
  18. Mutawi (2002), p. 42.
  19. Segev (1967), pp. 82, 175–191.
  20. The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the War of Independence through Lebanon
  21. Gawrych (2000), p. 3.
  22. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008). The Six-Day War (June 1967) Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
    http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Israel+wars/The+Six-Day+War+-+June+1967.htm
  23. Zaloga, Steven (1981). Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948–78 (Vanguard). Osprey Publishing.
  24. Israeli Air Force
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190612082645/http://www.iaf.org.il/2557-30086-he/IAF.aspx
  25. El Gamasy 1993 p. 79
  26. Herzog (1982), p. 165.
  27. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2004). Background on Israeli POWs and MIAs Archived 22 February 2007 at the Wayback
    http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/1/Background%20on%20Israeli%20POWs%20and%20MIAs
  28. Tucker (2010), p. 1198.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA1198
  29. Arab–Israeli War Since 1948
    https://archive.org/details/arabisraeliwarsi0000wool
  30. Sachar (2013), p. [1][page needed]
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0X4BAAAAQBAJ&q=2%2C500+killed+and+5%2C000+wounded&pg=PT1122
  31. Dunstan (2013a), p. [2]
    https://books.google.com/books?id=L1qICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT125
  32. Warfare since the Second World War, By Klaus Jürgen Gantzel, Torsten Schwinghammer, p. 253
  33. Guy Arnold (1991) Wars in the Third World since 1945.[page needed][full citation needed]
  34. Question of Palestine
    https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-182090/
  35. Oren (2002), p. 187: Over a thousand civilians were wounded, 150 seriously, 20 of them died.
  36. Gerhard, William D.; Millington, Henry W. (1981). "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the USS Liberty" (PDF). NSA History Rep
  37. Both USA and Israel officially attributed the USS Liberty incident as being due to mistaken identification.
  38. Ginor, Isabella and Remez, Gideon: The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967–1973: The USSR's Military Intervention in the Egyptian-I
  39. Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ucO1AwAAQBAJ
  40. The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading...
    https://books.google.com/books?id=teHWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PR8
  41. Quigley (2013), p. 32.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0zEi3qGWLFIC&pg=PA32
  42. sixdaywar
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070518044748/http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/timeline.htm
  43. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_7875000/7875655.stm
  44. Mutawi (2002), p. 183: "It is clear that King Hussein joined forces with Egypt in the knowledge that there was no possib
  45. Dunstan (2013), p. 65.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8Vy1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65
  46. Bowker (2003), p. 81.
  47. McDowall (1991), p. 84: 116,000 had fled from the Golan further into Syria, ...
  48. "Suez Canal"
    https://www.history.com/topics/africa/suez-canal
  49. The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War: Government, Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963–67
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z3-LzdcZacC&q=nasser+gafgafa+pilots+ahalan+sahalan&pg=PA152
  50. Rauschning, Wiesbrock & Lailach (1997), p. 30.
  51. Sachar (2007), pp. 504, 507–508.
  52. "First United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) – Background (Full text)"
    https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unef1backgr2.html
  53. Gawrych (2000), p. 5. "Some sources date the agreement to 4 November, others to 7 November. Most sources simply say Nove
  54. Schiff, Zeev (1974) History of the Israeli Army, Straight Arrow Books. p. 145
  55. Churchill & Churchill (1967), p. 21.
  56. Pollack (2004), p. 290.
  57. Segev (2007), pp. 149–152.
  58. Hart (1989), p. 226.
  59. Oren (2002), p. 312.
  60. Burrowes & Muzzio (1972), pp. 224–225.
  61. Arab Politics, Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War: The Crystallization of Arab Strategy and Nasir's Descent to War, 1957–1967
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4u-ZheMnqf8C&pg=PA118
  62. Tessler (1994), p. 378: "Towards the War of June 1967: Growing tensions in the region were clearly visible long before I
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&pg=PA378
  63. Herzog (1982), p. 148.
  64. Shlaim (2007), p. 238.
  65. Mutawi (2002), p. 93: "Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians, his response to this development was a model of moderati
  66. Cohen (1988), p. 12.
  67. "Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir, 1 March 1957"
    http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1947-1974/26+Statement+to+the+General+Assembly+by+Foreign+Mi.htm
  68. Morris (1999), p. 306.
  69. Gat (2003), p. 202.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ntLdA8QIgXIC&pg=PA202
  70. The Gamble of War: Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War?
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_YSWUQvAIEUC&q=Egypt+carried+out+mass+mobilization+of+its+troops+on+the+Israeli+border+and+during+the+night+of+May+22%E2%80%9323%2C+Nasser+decided+to+close+the+Straits+of+Tiran%2C+which+control+access+to+the+Red+Sea%2C+to+Israeli+shipping&pg=PA25
  71. "LBJ Pledges U.S. to Peace Effort Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine", Eugene Register-Guard (19 June 1967). Se
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19670619&id=valVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JeEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5448,4112160
  72. Churchill & Churchill (1967), pp. 52 & 77.
  73. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1967/05/24/archives/washington-nassers-reckless-maneuvers-cairo-and-moscow-the-us.html
  74. Quigley (2013), p. 60.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0zEi3qGWLFIC&pg=PA60
  75. history.state.gov
    https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d130
  76. Pollack (2004), p. 294.
  77. Shlaim & Louis (2012), pp. 86–87: "Syria was severely unprepared for war. Despite the bombastic and jingoistic rhetoric,
  78. Pollack (2004), pp. 293–94.
  79. Okaz
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210216061810/https://www.okaz.com.sa/local/na/1756574
  80. Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy: Conflict and Cooperation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=LeiKDwAAQBAJ
  81. CMU
    https://web.archive.org/web/20211120001418/http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=475577
  82. Pakistan Air Force
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170717050259/http://www.paf.gov.pk/air_warriors.html
  83. Air University
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130812085933/http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eagle_bios/2000/azam_2000.asp
  84. Pollack (2004), p. 58.
  85. de Mazarrasa, Javier (1994) (in Spanish). Blindados en España 2ª Parte: La Dificil Postguerra 1939–1960. Valladolid, Spa
  86. Perrett, Bryan (1999). Panzerkampfwagen IV medium tank: 1936–1945. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-855
  87. My Promised Land, by Ari Shavit, (London 2014), page 188
  88. Cohen 1998, p. 298. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCohen1998 (help)
  89. Farr 1999. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFarr1999 (help)
  90. "Israel's Nuclear Weapons Program and Lessons for Iran"
    https://www.cfr.org/blog-post/israels-nuclear-weapons-program-and-lessons-iran
  91. Yediot Ahronoth and Ynet
    https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4971483,00.html
  92. Yediot Ahronoth and Ynet
    https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4971483,00.html
  93. The National (Abu Dhabi)
    http://archive.today/hhfBZ
  94. War on the Rocks
    https://warontherocks.com/2017/06/the-six-day-war-and-the-nuclear-coup-that-never-was/
  95. Ynet
    https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4971018,00.html
  96. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-04/ty-article/israeli-ex-general-nuking-sinai-in-1967-wouldve-hurt-israel/0000017f-f846-ddde-abff-fc672eff0000
  97. Haaretz הארץ and The New York Times
    https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2017-06-04/ty-article/.premium/0000017f-db87-df62-a9ff-dfd77e5f0000
  98. Yediot Ahronoth and Ynet
    https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4971483,00.html
  99. Kikar HaShabbat (website)
    https://www.kikar.co.il/israel-news/skxtpr
  100. Globes (newspaper)
    https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001190913
  101. Haaretz (Hebrew edition) and The New York Times
    https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2017-06-04/ty-article/.premium/0000017f-db87-df62-a9ff-dfd77e5f0000
  102. The New York Times
    http://archive.today/916po
  103. The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective
    https://archive.org/details/caseforpalestine00quig
  104. Oren (2002), p. 172.
  105. Bowen (2003), p. 99 (author interview with Moredechai Hod, 7 May 2002).
  106. Oren (2002e), Section "The War: Day One, June 5".
  107. Bowen (2003), pp. 114–115 (author interview with General Salahadeen Hadidi who presided over the first court-martial of
  108. Pollack (2005), p. 474.
  109. Oren (2002), p. 176, says 282 out of 420. Morris (2001), p. 318, says 304 out of 419. Tessler (1994), p. 396, says over
  110. Long (1984), p. 19, Table 1.
  111. Oren (2002), p. 178.
  112. Oren (2002), p. 175.
  113. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/history/history4.html
  114. Oren (2002), p. 180.
  115. Oren (2002), p. 181.
  116. Oren (2002), p. 202.
  117. "Six Day War"
    http://www.israeli-weapons.com/history/six_day_war/SixDayWar.html
  118. Soldiers, Spies, and Statesmen
  119. Oren (2002), p. 182.
  120. Dunstan (2012), p. 125.[verification needed]
  121. Leslie Stein,The Making of Modern Israel: 1948–1967 Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Polity Press, 2013 p
    https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181
  122. Oren (2002), p. 201.
  123. Hammel (1992), p. 239.
  124. Red Flag
  125. Oren (2002), p. 212.
  126. Oren (2002), p. 211.
  127. Al-Ahram
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170524214942/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2007/848/sc1.htm
  128. Oren (2002), p. 248.
  129. Shlaim & Louis (2012), p. 112.
  130. Oren (2002), pp. 184–185.
  131. Shlaim & Louis (2012), p. 113.
  132. "On June 5, Israel sent a message to Hussein urging him not to open fire. Despite shelling into West Jerusalem, Netanya,
    http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2080
  133. Warriors for Jerusalem: the six days that changed the Middle East
    https://archive.org/details/warriorsforjerus00neff
  134. Shlaim (2000), pp. 243–244: "In May–June 1967 Eshkol's government did everything in its power to confine the confrontati
  135. The Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/the-broom-closet-where-history-was-made-492065
  136. www.nli.org.il
    https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1967/06/07/01/article/15
  137. Oren (2002), pp. 185–187.
  138. Sipos & Cooper 2020, pp. 67–68
  139. Shlaim (2007), p. 244.
  140. Oren (2002), pp. 187–188.
  141. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/2002-09-20/ty-article/the-gathering-storm/0000017f-dede-d856-a37f-ffde638c0000
  142. Sipos & Cooper 2020, pp. 69–72
  143. "United Nations June 5, 1967"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111226202011/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/CD0BEBA6A1E28EFF0525672800567B2C
  144. Oren (2002), p. 187.
  145. Shlaim (2007), p. 245.
  146. Oren (2002), pp. 188–189.
  147. Pacifica Military History
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120308234307/http://www.pacificamilitary.com/books/f-sixDaysInJune.html
  148. Oren (2002), pp. 191–192.
  149. Oren (2002), p. 222.
  150. "The Jordanian Front"
    https://www.sixdaywar.org/war/the-jordanian-front/
  151. "Memories from Ammunition Hill"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192104/http://www.jewishtoronto.com/page.aspx?id=65548
  152. Oren (2002), p. 203.
  153. Oren (2002), pp. 222–223.
  154. Oren (2002), p. 224.
  155. Mutawi (2002), p. 138.
  156. The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bDnnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19
  157. Mutawi (2002), pp. 138–139.
  158. Mutawi (2002), p. 139.
  159. Oren (2002), p. 219.
  160. With Might and Strength: An Autobiography
  161. Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel
  162. Mutawi (2002), p. 140: "Shortly after the order for the withdrawal had been issued [10.00 a.m. on 6 June], the Jordanian
  163. Shlaim (2007), p. 246.
  164. Shlaim & Louis (2012), pp. 92–93: "Except for some sporadic Syrian shelling of Israeli settlements along the border, Syr
  165. Mutawi (2002), p. 182: "When it came to war, Syria stood aside despite its defence pact with Egypt, while Israel overran
  166. Sachar (1976), p. 642.
  167. Oren (2002e), Section "Damascus and Jerusalem".
  168. Oren (2002e), Section "The War: Day Five, June 9".
  169. Lenczowski (1990), pp. 105–115, citing Moshe Dayan, Story of My Life, and Nadav Safran, From War to War: The Arab–Israel
  170. Morris (2001), p. 325.
  171. Hammel (1992), p. 387.
  172. Oren (2002), p. 280.
  173. Oren (2002), pp. 281–282.
  174. Oren (2002), p. 283.
  175. Oren (2002), p. 295.
  176. Video: Cease-Fire. Uneasy Truce In Mid-East, 1967/06/13 (1967)
    https://archive.org/details/1967-06-13_Cease-Fire
  177. Oren (2002e), Section "Playing for the Brink".
  178. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101015083148/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837237,00.html
  179. Eshkol (1967), pp. 39, 49
  180. "Six-Day War – Middle East "
    https://www.britannica.com/event/Six-Day-War
  181. Sachar (1976), p. 660.
  182. Oren (2002e), Section "Aftershocks".
  183. Podeh & Winckler (2004), pp. 110–111: "The most outstanding exponent of the Nasserist narrative was Muhammad Hasanayn Ha
  184. Podeh & Winckler (2004), pp. 105–106: "the prominent historian and commentator Abd al-Azim Ramadan, In a series of artic
  185. Churchill & Churchill (1967), p. 189.
  186. Simon Dunstan. The Six Day War 1967: Sinai. Osprey Publishing, 2009. P. 88.
  187. Six-Day War 1967, Operation Focus and the 12 hours that changed the Middle East. Shlomo Aloni. Osprey Publishing. 2019.
  188. Hawker Hunters at War. Iraq and Jordan, 1958-1967. Tom Cooper, Patricia Salti. Helion & Company. 2016. P.45.59
  189. Hawker Hunters at War. Iraq and Jordan, 1958-1967. Tom Cooper, Patricia Salti. Helion & Company. 2016. P.46-53
  190. "Egypt State Information Service"
    http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=1662
  191. UN Security Council meeting 1347 Archived 19 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine (5 June 1967)
    https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/cd0beba6a1e28eff0525672800567b2c?OpenDocument
  192. Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: Essence and Limits under International Law
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0FvVW69x-esC&pg=PA147
  193. Quigley (2013), pp. 135–. "Terence Taylor wrote in 2004...that 'many scholars' considered Israel to have 'conducted the
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0zEi3qGWLFIC&pg=PA135
  194. Choice
    https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&u=anon~80f33a6c&id=GALE%7CA338216958&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=9c6a30eb
  195. Churchill & Churchill (1967), p. 179.
  196. umassd.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070219220611/http://www.umassd.edu/specialprograms/mideastaffairs/witness2.htm
  197. Bar-Zohar, Michael 'The Reactions of Journalists to the Army's Murders of POWs', Maariv, 17 August 1995.
  198. Prior (1999), pp. 209–210.
  199. Bar-On, Morris & Golani (2002).
  200. Segev (2007), p. 374.
  201. Fisher, Ronal 'Mass Murder in the 1956 War', Ma'ariv, 8 August 1995.
  202. AP News
    https://apnews.com/article/25ac46caafc811c70c9367f04ef136fb
  203. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/08/17/israel-reportedly-killed-pows-in-67-war/ddf09333-2556-4c4a-b928-6a4614e31ab0/
  204. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/21/world/egypt-says-israelis-killed-pow-s-in-67-war.html
  205. Mansour (1994), p. 89.
  206. Green (1984), p. [page needed].
  207. The New York Times
  208. Bowen (2003), p. 89.
  209. Phythian (2001), pp. 193–194.
  210. Shlaim & Louis (2012), pp. 8, 53, 60, 75, 193, 199, 297.
  211. Podeh & Winckler (2004), pp. 51–62.
  212. Hattendorf (2000), p. [page needed].
  213. The Boston Globe
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130324193751/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/663999751.html?FMT=ABS&date=Sep%2016,%201983
  214. Shlaim & Louis (2012), p. 8.
  215. Shlaim & Louis (2012), p. 60.
  216. Shlaim & Louis (2012), p. 75.
  217. Shlaim & Louis (2012), p. 199.
  218. Chicago Tribune
    http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-liberty_tuesoct02,0,66005.story
  219. Tim Fischer, "Six days of war, 40 years of secrecy" (Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine). The Age, 27 May 2
    http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/six-days-of-war-40-years-of-secrecy/2007/05/26/1179601730257.html
  220. Quigley (2013), p. 93 Cf. Dean Rusk, As I Saw it: A Secretary of State's Memoirs, W. W. Norton, 1990, pp. 386–388.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0zEi3qGWLFIC&pg=PA93
  221. Brams & Togman (1998), p. 243.
  222. Youngs (2001), p. 12.
  223. "War and its Legacy: Amos Oz", In Bed with Phillip. Archived 2 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine. 10 September 1991, re
    http://www.abc.net.au/rn/features/inbedwithphillip/episodes/151-amos-oz/
  224. Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab–Israeli Conflict Since 1967
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-rmCPnSghbcC&pg=PA36
  225. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3629923.stm
  226. "Distribution of the Palestinian Population And Jewish Settlers in the West Bank and Gaza Since 1967"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100514174927/http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/www.thejerusalemfund.org/carryover/stats/dist_pop_67.html
  227. Morris (2001), p. 327.
  228. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
    http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487614/al-Qunaytirah
  229. Shay Fogelman, "The disinherited" Archived 19 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz, 30 July 2010
    https://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/the-disinherited-1.304959
  230. Oren (2002), p. 309.
  231. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/news/hmo-data-show-lebanon-war-triggered-baby-boom-in-israel-1.214803
  232. Tessler (1994), p. 326.
    https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0/page/326
  233. Great Souls: Six Who Changed a Century
    https://archive.org/details/greatsouls00davi/page/349
  234. The "Status Quo" on the Temple Mount Archived 14 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine November–December 2014
    http://jcpa.org/article/status-quo-on-temple-mount/
  235. Jerusalem in the unholy grip of religious fervor Archived 16 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of Israel.
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalem-in-the-unholy-grip-of-religious-fervor/
  236. Cave of the Patriarchs Archived 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Chabad.org
    http://www.chabad.org/special/israel/points_of_interest_cdo/aid/588225/jewish/Cave-of-the-Patriarchs.htm
  237. Al Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/12/who-are-jewish-groups-entering-al-aqsa-mosque
  238. Contested Mediterranean Spaces: The Case of Rachel's Tomb, Bethlehem, Palestine
  239. Oren (2002), p. 332.
  240. The Rise – and Rise – of French Jewry's Immigration to Israel Archived 8 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Judy Maltz,
    https://www.haaretz.com/misc/haaretzcomsmartphoneapp/dailybrief/.premium-1.636848
  241. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/the-40th-anniversary-of-the-six-day-war-rate-of-return-1.221976
  242. Tolts, Mark. Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
    http://bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=11924
  243. The Miracle of '67: Forty Years Since the Six-Day War
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071212195151/http://www.wherewhatwhen.com/read_articles.asp?id=342
  244. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/30/magazine/american-jews-rediscover-orthodoxy.html?pagewanted=all
  245. The Baal Teshuva Survival Guide
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Btma22BvWEoC&q=six-day+war+baal+teshuva&pg=PR7
  246. Essential Papers on Hasidism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yzsTCgAAQBAJ&q=Six-Day+War+tefillin+campaign&pg=PA526
  247. The Rebbe: The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VWH51mqdpi8C&q=Six-Day+War+tefillin+campaign&pg=PA184
  248. Oren (2002), pp. 306–307.
  249. Excel HSC Modern History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=u75GldeYqUIC&pg=PA390
  250. Włodzimierz Rozenbaum, CIAO: Intermarium, National Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic
  251. Communiqué: Investigation regarding communist state officers who publicly incited hatred towards people of different nat
    http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/en/2/238/Communiqu_Investigation_regarding_communist_state_officers_who_publicly_incited_.html
  252. The Normalization of War in Israeli Discourse, 1967–2008 Archived 10 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Dalia Gavriely-N
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc-xfP6b3gsC&dq=%22War+of+Attrition%22+1967&pg=PA107
  253. Philosophical perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44956358
  254. The World Today
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/40395011
  255. Orbis
    https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2004.04.001
  256. Jenkins, B. M. (1978). International terrorism: trends and potentialities. Journal of International Affairs, 115-123. "S
  257. Transnational Terrorism
    https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315235691
  258. Herzog (1989), p. 253.
  259. Shlaim (2007), p. 254.
  260. Sela (1997), p. 108.
  261. From June to October: The Middle East Between 1967 And 1973
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vNQ3K5HfiHAC&pg=PA192
  262. The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Century-Old Myth
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xWusAgAAQBAJ&q=the+Communist+states%2C+with+the+exception+of+Romania%2C+broke+off+diplomatic+relations+with+Israel&pg=PA132
  263. China and the Palestinian Organizations: 1964–1971
  264. Asher Susser, "Fifty Years since the Six-Day War," The RUSI Journal (2017) 162:3, 40-48, DOI: 10.1080/03071847.2017.1353
  265. Susser, "Fifty Years since the Six-Day War,"
  266. Idith Zertal and Akiva Eldar, Lords of the Land: The War over Israel's Settlements in the Occupied Territories, 1967-200
  267. The Digital Journalist
    http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0003/arm01.htm
  268. The Jewish Chronicle
    https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/all/david-rubinger-in-the-picture-1.1825
  269. The Observer
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/06/israelandthepalestinians.features1
  270. Bailey (1990), p. 225.
  271. Oren (2002), p. 196.
  272. Oren (2002), p. 198.
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.