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Sigmund Freud

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Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud (born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902. Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. Following the German annexation of Austria in March 1938, Freud left Austria to escape Nazi persecution. He died in exile in the United Kingdom in September 1939. In founding psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association, and he established the central role of transference in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of repression. On this basis, Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, ego, and superego. Freud postulated the existence of libido, sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and that generates erotic attachments and a death drive, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression, and neurotic guilt. In his later work, Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, and across the humanities. It thus continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate concerning its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or hinders the feminist cause. Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. W. H. Auden's 1940 poetic tribute to Freud describes him as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives".

Infobox

Born
Sigismund Schlomo Freud(1856-05-06)6 May 1856Freiberg in Mähren, Austrian Empire
Died
23 September 1939(1939-09-23) (aged 83)Hampstead, London, England
Resting place
Freud Corner
Education
University of Vienna (MD)
Known for
Psychoanalysis, including the theories of id, ego and superego, oedipus complex, repression, defence mechanism, stages of psychosexual development
Spouse
mw- Martha Bernays (m. 1886)
Children
6, including Ernst and Anna
Parents
mw- Jacob Freud (father)Amalia Nathanson (mother)
Awards
Goethe Prize (1930)
Fields
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Institutions
University of Vienna International Psychoanalytical Association
Academic advisors
Franz Brentano Ernst Brücke Carl Claus

Tables

· External links
Preceded byPatrick Hastings
Preceded byPatrick Hastings
Awards and achievements
Preceded byPatrick Hastings
Awards and achievements
Cover of Time Magazine 27 October 1924
Awards and achievements
Succeeded byThomas Lipton
Preceded byLeopold Ziegler
Preceded byLeopold Ziegler
Awards and achievements
Preceded byLeopold Ziegler
Awards and achievements
Goethe Prize 1930
Awards and achievements
Succeeded byRicarda Huch
Awards and achievements
Preceded byPatrick Hastings
Cover of Time Magazine 27 October 1924
Succeeded byThomas Lipton
Preceded byLeopold Ziegler
Goethe Prize 1930
Succeeded byRicarda Huch

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