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Shivaji

Updated: Wikipedia source

Shivaji

Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, Marathi pronunciation: [ʃiˈʋaːdʑiː ˈbʱos(ə)le]; c. 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle dynasty. Shivaji inherited a jagir from his father who served as a retainer for the Sultanate of Bijapur, which later formed the genesis of the Maratha Kingdom. In 1674, he was formally crowned the Chhatrapati of his realm at Raigad Fort. Shivaji offered passage and his service to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to invade the declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for the north due to a war of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in the name of the Mughals. Following his defeat at the hands of Jai Singh I in the Battle of Purandar, Shivaji entered into vassalage with the Mughal empire, assuming the role of a Mughal chief, during this time Shivaji also wrote a series of letters apologising to Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for his actions and requested additional honors for his services. He was later conferred with the title of Raja by the emperor. He undertook military expeditions on behalf of the Mughal Empire for a brief duration. In 1674, Shivaji was crowned as the king despite opposition from local Brahmins. Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces. Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Sultanate of Golconda, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial powers. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji's legacy was revived by Jyotirao Phule about two centuries after his death. Later on, he came to be glorified by Indian nationalists such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and appropriated by Hindutva activists.

Infobox

Reign
6 June 1674 – 3 April 1680
Coronation
mw- 6 June 1674 (first) 24 September 1674 (second)
Predecessor
Position established
Successor
Sambhaji
Peshwa
Moropant Trimbak Pingle
Born
(1630-02-19)19 February 1630Shivneri Fort, Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Died
3 April 1680(1680-04-03) (aged 50)Raigad Fort, Mahad, Maratha Empire
Spouse
mw- Sai Bhonsale (m. 1640; died 1659) Soyarabai (m. 1650) Putalabai (m. 1653) Sakvarbai (m. 1657) Kashibai Jadhav
Issue
8, including Sambhaji and Rajaram I
House
Bhonsale
Father
Shahaji
Mother
Jijabai
Religion
Hinduism
Allegiance
Maratha Empire
Battles / wars
mw- See list li Javali (1656) Pratapgarh (1659) Panhala (1660) Janjira (1661–76) Pavan Khind (1669) Pune (1663) Surat (1664) Purandar (1665) Ponda (1666) Sinhagad (1670) Surat (1670) Vani-Dindori (1670) Salher (1672) Shivneri (1673) Umrani (1673) Karnataka (1677) Gingee (1677) Vellore (1677–78) Bhupalgarh (1679)

Tables

Ashta Pradhan Mandal · Governance › Ashta Pradhan Mandal
Peshwa or Prime Minister
Peshwa or Prime Minister
Minister
Peshwa or Prime Minister
Duty
General administration
Amatya or Finance Minister
Amatya or Finance Minister
Minister
Amatya or Finance Minister
Duty
Maintaining public accounts
Mantri or Chronicler
Mantri or Chronicler
Minister
Mantri or Chronicler
Duty
Maintaining court records
Summant or Dabir or Foreign Secretary
Summant or Dabir or Foreign Secretary
Minister
Summant or Dabir or Foreign Secretary
Duty
All matters related to relationships with other states
Sachiv or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary
Sachiv or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary
Minister
Sachiv or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary
Duty
Managing correspondence of the king
Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head
Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head
Minister
Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head
Duty
Religious matters
Nyayadhis or Chief Justice
Nyayadhis or Chief Justice
Minister
Nyayadhis or Chief Justice
Duty
Civil and military justice
Senapati/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief
Senapati/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief
Minister
Senapati/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief
Duty
All matters related to army of the king
Minister
Duty
Peshwa or Prime Minister
General administration
Amatya or Finance Minister
Maintaining public accounts
Mantri or Chronicler
Maintaining court records
Summant or Dabir or Foreign Secretary
All matters related to relationships with other states
Sachiv or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary
Managing correspondence of the king
Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head
Religious matters
Nyayadhis or Chief Justice
Civil and military justice
Senapati/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief
All matters related to army of the king
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Shivaji House of BhonsleBorn: c. 1627/1630 Died: 3 April 1680
Regnal titles
New titlenew state formed
New titlenew state formed
Shivaji House of BhonsleBorn: c. 1627/1630 Died: 3 April 1680
New titlenew state formed
Shivaji House of BhonsleBorn: c. 1627/1630 Died: 3 April 1680
Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire 1674–1680
Shivaji House of BhonsleBorn: c. 1627/1630 Died: 3 April 1680
Succeeded bySambhaji
Shivaji House of BhonsleBorn: c. 1627/1630 Died: 3 April 1680
Regnal titles
New titlenew state formed
Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire 1674–1680
Succeeded bySambhaji

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    https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ
  200. Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870
    https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183
  201. "New Naval Ensign: The naval prowess of Chhatrapati Shivaji that has always inspired the Indian Navy - Optimize IAS"
    https://optimizeias.com/new-naval-ensign-the-naval-prowess-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-that-has-always-inspired-the-indian-navy/
  202. Indian Ocean and India's Security
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13
  203. Foreign Biographies of Shivaji
    https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up
  204. Foreign Biographies of Shivaji
    https://books.google.com/books?id=89sJAQAAIAAJ
  205. Truschke 2017, p. 54.
  206. Shivaji and his times
    http://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich
  207. Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79
  208. Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings
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  209. Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya 1975, p. 107.
  210. Indo-British Review
    https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ
  211. India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes
    https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121
  212. Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960
    https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136
  213. Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282
  214. The Grand Rebel
    http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283296
  215. The Hindu
    https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chatrapati-shivaji-was-a-national-hero/article6915168.ece
  216. Frontline
    https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/article30217102.ece
  217. BBC
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  218. Renaissance State : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175
  219. Newslaundry
    https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/11/06/shivaji-statues-in-telangana-bjps-politics-of-hindu-right-wing-iconography-dalit-backlash
  220. Scroll.in
    https://scroll.in/article/893168/protector-of-brahmins-or-peasant-king-why-a-historian-of-shivaji-is-on-sanatan-sansthas-hitlist
  221. Embodied Violence: Communalising Female Sexuality in South Asia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=i2AObmt7Z8wC&pg=PA163
  222. India: A Wounded Civilization
    https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65
  223. Laine 2011, p. 164.
  224. Lok Sabha Debates
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ
  225. The Indian P.E.N.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ
  226. The Economic Times
    https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms
  227. Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA22
  228. Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOWRn_i1kcC&pg=PA1
  229. BBC News
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3561499.stm
  230. Studies in History
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  231. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Maratha-activists-vandalise-Bhandarkar-Institute/articleshow/407226.cms
  232. Financial Express
    https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/where-the-stream-of-reason-lost-its-way/73400/
  233. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-lifts-ban-on-James-Laines-book-on-Shivaji/articleshow/6148410.cms
  234. "Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130929072624/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html
  235. DNA India
    http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732
  236. The Indian Express
    https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-maharashtra-everybody-loves-a-shivaji-statue-9540926/
  237. The Indian Express
    https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/shiv-jayanti-chhatrapati-shivaji-statue-pune-7781082/
  238. Hindustan Times
    https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-to-get-sixth-shivaji-statue-outside-cst/
  239. The Hindu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130928043424/http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm
  240. The Indian Express
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131031192820/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660
  241. The Hindu
    https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/descendant-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-again-unveils-statue-at-rajhansgad-fort/article66584315.ece
  242. KRON4
    https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/san-jose-statue-depicting-heroic-indian-ruler-found-after-being-stolen/
  243. The Hindu
    https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fadnavis-unveils-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharajs-statue-in-mauritius/article66790571.ece
  244. www.dnaindia.com
    http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-now-you-can-take-museum-relics-home-from-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-vastu-sangrahalaya-1890382
  245. Encyclopedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus
  246. Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms
  247. The Indian Express
    https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-airport-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-international-airport-5333252/
  248. "INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment
  249. "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj"
    http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ
  250. The Hindu
    https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign/article65839843.ece
  251. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Shivaji-killas-express-pure-reverence/articleshow/6837729.cms
  252. Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4
  253. Huffington Post
    https://news.yahoo.com/india-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html
  254. indianexpress.com
    https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/contract-for-shivaji-memorial-project-pwd-proposes-extension-of-one-year-to-firm-without-cost-escalation-7466001/
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