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Sayings of Jesus on the cross

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Sayings of Jesus on the cross

The sayings of Jesus on the cross (sometimes called the Seven Last Words from the Cross) are seven expressions biblically attributed to Jesus during his crucifixion. Traditionally, the brief sayings have been called "words". The seven sayings are gathered from the four canonical gospels. In Matthew and Mark, Jesus cries out to God. In Luke, he forgives his killers, reassures the penitent thief, and commends his spirit to the Father. In John, he speaks to his mother, says he thirsts, and declares the end of his earthly life. This is an example of the Christian approach to the construction of a gospel harmony, in which material from different gospels is combined, producing an account that goes beyond each gospel. Since the 16th century, these sayings have been widely used in sermons on Good Friday, and entire books have been written on the theological analysis of them. The Seven Last Words from the Cross are an integral part of the liturgy in the Catholic, Protestant, and other Christian traditions. Several composers have set the sayings to music.

Tables

Sayings of Jesus on the cross · Overview
Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.
Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.
Original Greek
Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς, οὐ γὰρ οἴδασιν τί ποιοῦσιν
King James translation
Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.
Luke
23:34
Theological interpretations
Forgiveness
Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise.
Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise.
Original Greek
Ἀμήν σοι λέγω, σήμερον μετ' ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ
King James translation
Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise.
Luke
23:43
Theological interpretations
Salvation
Woman, behold thy son! and Behold thy mother!
Woman, behold thy son! and Behold thy mother!
Original Greek
Γύναι, ἴδε ὁ υἱός σουandἼδε ἡ μήτηρ σου
King James translation
Woman, behold thy son! and Behold thy mother!
John
19:26–27
Theological interpretations
Relationship
My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
Original Greek
ἔστιν θεέ μου θεέ μου ἱνατί με ἐγκατέλιπεςandὁ θεός μου ὁ θεός μου εἰς τί ἐγκατέλιπές με
King James translation
My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
Matthew
27:46
Mark
15:34
Theological interpretations
Abandonment
I thirst.
I thirst.
Original Greek
Διψῶ
King James translation
I thirst.
John
19:28
Theological interpretations
Distress
It is finished.
It is finished.
Original Greek
Τετέλεσται
King James translation
It is finished.
John
19:30
Theological interpretations
Triumph
Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.
Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.
Original Greek
Πάτερ, εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου
King James translation
Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.
Luke
23:46
Theological interpretations
Reunion
Original Greek
King James translation
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Theological interpretations
Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς, οὐ γὰρ οἴδασιν τί ποιοῦσιν
Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.
23:34
Forgiveness
Ἀμήν σοι λέγω, σήμερον μετ' ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ
Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise.
23:43
Salvation
Γύναι, ἴδε ὁ υἱός σουandἼδε ἡ μήτηρ σου
Woman, behold thy son! and Behold thy mother!
19:26–27
Relationship
ἔστιν θεέ μου θεέ μου ἱνατί με ἐγκατέλιπεςandὁ θεός μου ὁ θεός μου εἰς τί ἐγκατέλιπές με
My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
27:46
15:34
Abandonment
Διψῶ
I thirst.
19:28
Distress
Τετέλεσται
It is finished.
19:30
Triumph
Πάτερ, εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου
Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.
23:46
Reunion

References

  1. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 4
  2. An Introduction to the New Testament for Catholics
  3. Jesus: The Complete Guide
  4. Jesus, Interrupted
  5. Jesus of Nazareth
  6. Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1
  7. Echoes from Calvary, Volume 1
    https://books.google.com/books?id=QHz5czNrWlYC&pg=PA191
  8. The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 13
    https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn52i3&view=1up&seq=67&skin=2021
  9. The Synoptics
  10. Seven Last Words
  11. Jesus Remembered
  12. Michael R. Licona, Why Are There Differences in the Gospels? What We Can Learn from Ancient Biography (Oxford University
  13. Luke 23:34
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:34
  14. Literary Studies in Luke-Acts
  15. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
  16. Reading Luke-Acts: Dynamics of Biblical Narrative
  17. Luke's Presentation of Jesus: A Christology
  18. Harmony of the Gospels
  19. The Bart Ehrman Blog
    https://ehrmanblog.org/did-jesus-pray-father-forgive-them-from-the-cross
  20. Luke 23:43
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:43
  21. The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism
  22. John 19:26–27
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:26
  23. "John 2:4"
    https://biblehub.com/commentaries/john/2-4.htm
  24. Who's Who in the New Testament
    https://books.google.com/books?id=jcuAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201
  25. The Gospel According to John (i–xii)
    https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt0001unse/page/98/mode/2up
  26. Brown 1966, pp. 107–109
  27. Mark 15:34
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#15:34
  28. Matthew 27:46
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:46
  29. Greenspahn, Frederick E. 2003. An introduction to Aramaic. P.25
  30. Davies, William D. and Dale C. Allison. 1997. Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthe
  31. The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Archived 2010-04-19 at the Wayback Machine Targum Psalms 22 Archived 2014-04-13 at the
    http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/index.htm
  32. "Habakkuk 1:13"
    https://biblehub.com/habakkuk/1-13.htm
  33. The Cross in the New Testament
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2882455
  34. "Pulpit Commentary – Mark 15:34"
    http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/mark/15.htm
  35. John 19:28
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:28
  36. 24 Hours That Changed the World
  37. Nicoll, W. R.
    https://biblehub.com/commentaries/egt/john/19.htm
  38. The Jerusalem Bible
    https://archive.org/details/thejerusalembible1966/page/n1749/mode/2up
  39. John 19:30
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:30
  40. "What does the Greek word 'tetelestai' mean?"
    https://bible.org/question/what-does-greek-word-tetelestai-mean
  41. "Douay-Rheims Bible – John 19:30"
    https://biblehub.com/drb/john/19.htm
  42. Luke 23:46
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:46
  43. The Christian Treasury
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8VZDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA117
  44. Seeds and Sheaves: Or, Words of Scripture; Their History and Fruits
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YDdoAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA282
  45. Psalms: A Devotional Commentary
    https://books.google.com/books?id=08MSVzXA_Z8C&pg=PA118
  46. Lockyer 1975 p. 48
    https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/50
  47. Butler 1866, June 14
    https://www.bartleby.com/210/6/141.html
  48. Lockyer 1975 p. 83
    https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/85
  49. Lockyer 1975 p. 52
    https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/54
  50. The Life and Martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PsQCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA331
  51. Lockyer 1975 p. 147
    https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/149
  52. John Hus: The Commencement of Resistance to Papal Authority on the Part of the Inferior Clergy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA332
  53. The Life of Christopher Columbus
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vNgZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA344
  54. Bernini and the Idealization of Death: The Blessed Ludovica Albertoni and the Altieri Chapel
  55. Lockyer 1975 p. 73
    https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/75
  56. Lockyer 1975 p. 175
    https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/177
  57. Lockyer 1975 p. 85
    https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/87
  58. Butler 1866, September 18
    https://www.bartleby.com/210/9/181.html
  59. The History of Scotland: During the Life of Queen Mary, and Until the Accession of Her Son James to the Crown of England
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OgT_Sx5r8nYC&pg=PA453
  60. Butler 1866, June 21
    https://www.bartleby.com/210/6/211.html
  61. Butler 1866, March 23
    https://www.bartleby.com/210/3/231.html
  62. Lockyer 1975 p. 166
    https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/168
  63. Lockyer 1975 p. 107
    https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/109
  64. Missionar Christian Friedrich Schwartz: sein Leben und Wirken aus Briefen des Halleschen Missionsarchivs
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uKBSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA381
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