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Saturn V

Updated: Wikipedia source

Saturn V

The Saturn V is a retired American super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by NASA under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon. The rocket was human-rated, had three stages, and was powered by liquid fuel. Flown from 1967 to 1973, it was used for nine crewed flights to the Moon and to launch Skylab, the first American space station. As of 2025, the Saturn V remains the only launch vehicle to have carried humans beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). The Saturn V holds the record for the largest payload capacity to low Earth orbit, 140,000 kg (310,000 lb), which included unburned propellant needed to send the Apollo command and service module and Lunar Module to the Moon. The largest production model of the Saturn family of rockets, the Saturn V was designed under the direction of Wernher von Braun at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama; the lead contractors for construction of the rocket were Boeing, North American Aviation, Douglas Aircraft Company, and IBM. Fifteen flight-capable vehicles were built, not counting three used for ground testing. A total of thirteen missions were launched from Kennedy Space Center, nine of which carried 24 astronauts to the Moon from Apollo 8 to Apollo 17.

Infobox

Function
mw- Launch vehicle of Apollo program and Skylab
Manufacturer
Boeing (S-IC) North American (S-II) Douglas (S-IVB)
Country of origin
United States
Project cost
US$6.417 billion (equivalent to $34.5 billion in 2024)
Cost per launch
US$185 million (equivalent to $995 million in 2024)
Height
17.86 m (58 ft 7 in)
Diameter
6.60 m (21 ft 8 in)
Mass
43,500 kg (95,900 lb)
Stages
3
Altitude
185 km (115 mi)
Family
Saturn
Derivative work
Saturn INT-21
Comparable
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Status
Retired
Launch sites
Kennedy Space Center, LC-39
Total launches
13
Success(es)
12
Partial failure
1 (Apollo 6)
First flight
November 9, 1967 (AS-501 Apollo 4)[b]
Last flight
May 14, 1973 (AS-513 Skylab)
Empty mass
15,200 kg (33,600 lb)[e]
Gross mass
120,500 kg (265,600 lb)[e]
Powered by
1 × J-2
Maximum thrust
1,000 kN (225,000 lbf) vacuum
Specific impulse
424 s (4.16 km/s) (427 s (4.19 km/s) at 5:1 mixture ratio.)
Burn time
165 312 seconds (2 burns)
Propellant
LOX / LH2

Tables

· History › Launch history
SA-500F
SA-500F
Serialnumber
SA-500F
Mission
Facilities integration
Launch date
Used as a facility verification vehicle. The first stage was scrapped. The second stage was converted to S-II-F/D and was used for dynamic testing. It was later moved to the U.S. Space & Rocket Center where it currently sits. The third stage was modified into a Skylab dynamic test article before it was scrapped.
SA-500D
SA-500D
Serialnumber
SA-500D
Mission
Dynamic testing
Launch date
Used to evaluate the vehicle's response to vibrations. On display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center.
S-IC-T
S-IC-T
Serialnumber
S-IC-T
Mission
All Systems Test
Launch date
First stage used for static firing tests of S-IC stage and of F-1 engines at Marshall Space Flight Center. On display at Kennedy Space Center.
SA-501
SA-501
Serialnumber
SA-501
Mission
Apollo 4
Launch date
November 9, 196712:00:01 UTC
Notes
First uncrewed, all-up test flight.
SA-502
SA-502
Serialnumber
SA-502
Mission
Apollo 6
Launch date
April 4, 196812:00:01 UTC
Notes
Second uncrewed test flight; J-2 engine problems caused early shutdown of two engines in the second stage, and prevented third stage restart.
SA-503
SA-503
Serialnumber
SA-503
Mission
Apollo 8
Launch date
December 21, 196812:51:00 UTC
Notes
First crewed flight; first trans-lunar injection of Apollo command and service module.
SA-504
SA-504
Serialnumber
SA-504
Mission
Apollo 9
Launch date
March 3, 196916:00:00 UTC
Notes
Crewed low Earth orbit test of the complete Apollo spacecraft with the Lunar Module (LM).
SA-505
SA-505
Serialnumber
SA-505
Mission
Apollo 10
Launch date
May 18, 196916:49:00 UTC
Notes
Second crewed trans-lunar injection of the complete Apollo spacecraft with LM; Only Saturn V launched from Pad 39B.
SA-506
SA-506
Serialnumber
SA-506
Mission
Apollo 11
Launch date
July 16, 196913:32:00 UTC
Notes
First crewed lunar landing, at Sea of Tranquility.
SA-507
SA-507
Serialnumber
SA-507
Mission
Apollo 12
Launch date
November 14, 196916:22:00 UTC
Notes
Vehicle was struck twice by lightning shortly after liftoff, but did not suffer serious damage. Made second crewed lunar landing, near Surveyor 3 at Ocean of Storms
SA-508
SA-508
Serialnumber
SA-508
Mission
Apollo 13
Launch date
April 11, 197019:13:00 UTC
Notes
Severe pogo oscillations in second stage caused early center engine shutdown; guidance compensated by burning remaining engines longer. Lunar landing mission was aborted by service module failure.
SA-509
SA-509
Serialnumber
SA-509
Mission
Apollo 14
Launch date
January 31, 197121:03:02 UTC
Notes
Third crewed lunar landing, near Fra Mauro, Apollo 13's intended landing site.
SA-510
SA-510
Serialnumber
SA-510
Mission
Apollo 15
Launch date
July 26, 197113:34:00 UTC
Notes
Fourth crewed lunar landing, at Hadley–Apennine. First extended Apollo mission, carrying lunar orbital Scientific Instrument Module and Lunar Roving Vehicle.
SA-511
SA-511
Serialnumber
SA-511
Mission
Apollo 16
Launch date
April 16, 197217:54:00 UTC
Notes
Fifth crewed lunar landing, at Descartes Highlands.
SA-512
SA-512
Serialnumber
SA-512
Mission
Apollo 17
Launch date
December 7, 197205:33:00 UTC
Notes
Only night launch. Sixth and final crewed lunar landing, at Taurus–Littrow.
SA-513
SA-513
Serialnumber
SA-513
Mission
Skylab 1
Launch date
May 14, 197317:30:00 UTC
Notes
Uncrewed launch of the Skylab orbital workshop, which replaced the third stage, S-IVB-513, on display at Johnson Space Center. Originally designated for canceled Apollo 18.
SA-514
SA-514
Serialnumber
SA-514
Mission
Unused
Launch date
Originally designated for canceled Apollo 19. Never used. First stage on display at Johnson Space Center. Second and third stage on display at Kennedy Space Center.
SA-515
SA-515
Serialnumber
SA-515
Mission
Unused
Launch date
Originally designated for canceled Apollo 20 and later it was used as a backup Skylab launch vehicle. Never used. The first stage was on display at Michoud Assembly Facility, until June 2016 then was moved to the INFINITY Science Center in Mississippi for preservation. The second stage is on display at Johnson Space Center. The third stage was converted to a backup Skylab orbital workshop and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum.
Serialnumber
Mission
Launch date
Notes
Refs
SA-500F
Facilities integration
Used as a facility verification vehicle. The first stage was scrapped. The second stage was converted to S-II-F/D and was used for dynamic testing. It was later moved to the U.S. Space & Rocket Center where it currently sits. The third stage was modified into a Skylab dynamic test article before it was scrapped.
SA-500D
Dynamic testing
Used to evaluate the vehicle's response to vibrations. On display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center.
S-IC-T
All Systems Test
First stage used for static firing tests of S-IC stage and of F-1 engines at Marshall Space Flight Center. On display at Kennedy Space Center.
SA-501
Apollo 4
November 9, 196712:00:01 UTC
First uncrewed, all-up test flight.
SA-502
Apollo 6
April 4, 196812:00:01 UTC
Second uncrewed test flight; J-2 engine problems caused early shutdown of two engines in the second stage, and prevented third stage restart.
SA-503
Apollo 8
December 21, 196812:51:00 UTC
First crewed flight; first trans-lunar injection of Apollo command and service module.
SA-504
Apollo 9
March 3, 196916:00:00 UTC
Crewed low Earth orbit test of the complete Apollo spacecraft with the Lunar Module (LM).
SA-505
Apollo 10
May 18, 196916:49:00 UTC
Second crewed trans-lunar injection of the complete Apollo spacecraft with LM; Only Saturn V launched from Pad 39B.
SA-506
Apollo 11
July 16, 196913:32:00 UTC
First crewed lunar landing, at Sea of Tranquility.
SA-507
Apollo 12
November 14, 196916:22:00 UTC
Vehicle was struck twice by lightning shortly after liftoff, but did not suffer serious damage. Made second crewed lunar landing, near Surveyor 3 at Ocean of Storms
SA-508
Apollo 13
April 11, 197019:13:00 UTC
Severe pogo oscillations in second stage caused early center engine shutdown; guidance compensated by burning remaining engines longer. Lunar landing mission was aborted by service module failure.
SA-509
Apollo 14
January 31, 197121:03:02 UTC
Third crewed lunar landing, near Fra Mauro, Apollo 13's intended landing site.
SA-510
Apollo 15
July 26, 197113:34:00 UTC
Fourth crewed lunar landing, at Hadley–Apennine. First extended Apollo mission, carrying lunar orbital Scientific Instrument Module and Lunar Roving Vehicle.
SA-511
Apollo 16
April 16, 197217:54:00 UTC
Fifth crewed lunar landing, at Descartes Highlands.
SA-512
Apollo 17
December 7, 197205:33:00 UTC
Only night launch. Sixth and final crewed lunar landing, at Taurus–Littrow.
SA-513
Skylab 1
May 14, 197317:30:00 UTC
Uncrewed launch of the Skylab orbital workshop, which replaced the third stage, S-IVB-513, on display at Johnson Space Center. Originally designated for canceled Apollo 18.
SA-514
Unused
Originally designated for canceled Apollo 19. Never used. First stage on display at Johnson Space Center. Second and third stage on display at Kennedy Space Center.
SA-515
Unused
Originally designated for canceled Apollo 20 and later it was used as a backup Skylab launch vehicle. Never used. The first stage was on display at Michoud Assembly Facility, until June 2016 then was moved to the INFINITY Science Center in Mississippi for preservation. The second stage is on display at Johnson Space Center. The third stage was converted to a backup Skylab orbital workshop and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum.

References

  1. Includes mass of Apollo command module, Apollo service module, Apollo Lunar Module, Spacecraft/LM Adapter, Saturn V Inst
  2. Serial numbers were initially assigned by the Marshall Space Flight Center in the format "SA-5xx" (for Saturn-Apollo). B
  3. Includes S-II/S-IVB interstage
  4. Not present in Skylab configuration
  5. Includes Saturn V Instrument Unit
  6. Pronounced "Saturn five". "V" is the roman numeral for 5.
  7. National Aeronautics and Space Administration et al. 1968, p. 79.
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