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Santorini caldera

Updated: Wikipedia source

Santorini caldera

Santorini caldera is a large, mostly submerged caldera, located in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete in Greece. Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group, consisting of Santorini (known as Thera in antiquity), the main island, Therasia and Aspronisi at the periphery, and the Kameni islands at the center. It has been designated a Decade Volcano.

Infobox

Coordinates
mw- 36°23′44″N 25°27′33″E / 36.39556°N 25.45917°E / 36.39556; 25.45917
Location
Aegean Sea, Greece
Mountain type
Caldera (active)
Last eruption
January to February 1950

Tables

· Eruptive history
1610 BC ± 14 years ("Minoan eruption")
1610 BC ± 14 years ("Minoan eruption")
Start date
1610 BC ± 14 years ("Minoan eruption")
Stop date
Unknown
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, explosive eruption, pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges, phreatic explosions, extensive physical damage, massive lava fountains and extensive lava flows, minor mudflows on the sea, megatsunamis, caldera collapse, fatalities, mass evacuation.
197 BC
197 BC
Start date
197 BC
Stop date
Unknown
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption.
31 December 46 AD
31 December 46 AD
Start date
31 December 46 AD
Stop date
1 February 47 AD ± 30 days
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, tsunami.
15 July 726 AD ± 45 days
15 July 726 AD ± 45 days
Start date
15 July 726 AD ± 45 days
Stop date
Unknown
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, damage.
1570
1570
Start date
1570
Stop date
1573
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion.
27 September 1650
27 September 1650
Start date
27 September 1650
Stop date
6 December 1650
Characteristics of eruption
Flank (excentric) vent, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, fatalities, damage, tsunami.
23 May 1707
23 May 1707
Start date
23 May 1707
Stop date
14 September 1711
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, damage.
26 January 1866
26 January 1866
Start date
26 January 1866
Stop date
15 October 1870
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, fatalities, damage, evacuation.
11 August 1925
11 August 1925
Start date
11 August 1925
Stop date
17 March 1928
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, explosive eruption, phreatic explosions, lava flows, lava dome extrusion.
20 August 1939
20 August 1939
Start date
20 August 1939
Stop date
2 July 1941 ± 1 day
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, explosive eruption, phreatic explosions, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, damage.
10 January 1950
10 January 1950
Start date
10 January 1950
Stop date
2 February 1950
Characteristics of eruption
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, explosive eruption, phreatic explosions, lava flows, lava dome extrusion.
Start date
Stop date
Characteristics of eruption
1610 BC ± 14 years ("Minoan eruption")
Unknown
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, explosive eruption, pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges, phreatic explosions, extensive physical damage, massive lava fountains and extensive lava flows, minor mudflows on the sea, megatsunamis, caldera collapse, fatalities, mass evacuation.
197 BC
Unknown
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption.
31 December 46 AD
1 February 47 AD ± 30 days
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, tsunami.
15 July 726 AD ± 45 days
Unknown
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, damage.
1570
1573
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion.
27 September 1650
6 December 1650
Flank (excentric) vent, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, fatalities, damage, tsunami.
23 May 1707
14 September 1711
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, damage.
26 January 1866
15 October 1870
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, new island formation, explosive eruption, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, fatalities, damage, evacuation.
11 August 1925
17 March 1928
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, explosive eruption, phreatic explosions, lava flows, lava dome extrusion.
20 August 1939
2 July 1941 ± 1 day
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, explosive eruption, phreatic explosions, lava flows, lava dome extrusion, damage.
10 January 1950
2 February 1950
Central vent eruption, regional fissure eruption, submarine eruption, explosive eruption, phreatic explosions, lava flows, lava dome extrusion.

References

  1. Nature Geoscience
    https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-024-01392-7
  2. "Introduction – Santorini Volcano"
    http://www.decadevolcano.net/santorini/santorini_introduction.htm
  3. "Tectonic setting of Santorini"
    http://www.decadevolcano.net/santorini/santorini_geology_geography.htm
  4. "Geology of Santorini – The prevolcanic basement"
    http://www.decadevolcano.net/santorini/santorini_geohist.htm#basement
  5. Geology
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Geo....50...96P
  6. Global Volcanism Program
    https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=212040
  7. "Santorini Volcanic Caldera, Greece"
    http://geographic.org/photos/volcanoes/volcano_photos_87.html
  8. Geological Magazine
    http://geolmag.geoscienceworld.org/content/137/5/593.short
  9. Countries of the World
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200930021639/https://www.allcountries.org/ranks/volcano_explocivity_index_ranks.html
  10. NBC News "Volcano on scenic Greek island getting a little restless 3 March 2012[dead link]
    http://www.nbcnews.com/id/46724625
  11. Geophysical Research Letters
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025GeoRL..5215856P
  12. Geophysical Journal International
    https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/242/3/ggaf262/8193426
  13. www.bbc.com
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjde94dnj08o
  14. NBC News
    https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/evacuation-greeces-santorini-island-continues-tremors-persist-rcna190949
  15. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/06/state-of-emergency-declared-on-santorini-after-earthquakes-shake-island
  16. AP News
    https://apnews.com/article/greece-santorini-earthquakes-evacuation-f3477a7000f547d2c6b3b5d797612a70
  17. Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X25004546
  18. Volcano Discovery
    https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/santorini/current-activity.html
  19. IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage
    https://iugs-geoheritage.org/videos-pdfs/iugs_first_100_book_v2.pdf
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