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Russia

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world, spanning eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. With a population of over 140 million, Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous in the world. It is a highly urbanised country, with sixteen of its urban areas having more than 1 million inhabitants. Moscow, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, is the capital and largest city of Russia, while Saint Petersburg is its second-largest city and a major cultural centre. Human settlement on the territory of modern Russia dates back to the Lower Paleolithic. The East Slavs emerged in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988 adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. The latter ultimately disintegrated, and the Grand Duchy of Moscow led the unification of Russian lands in the late 13th century, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. By the early 18th century, Russia had expanded vastly through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, the third-largest in history. The Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the monarchic system being abolished and replaced by the first constitutionally socialist state in the world. Following the Russian Civil War, Soviet Russia established the Soviet Union as its largest and principal constituent. The Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s, amidst the death of millions under the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin, and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front—emerging as a superpower. During the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The 20th-century Soviet era saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the Russian Federation. Following the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, the Soviet government structure was abolished and a new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, the political system of Russia has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whose leadership the country has experienced democratic backsliding and has been transformed into an authoritarian regime. Post-Soviet Russia has been militarily involved in numerous conflicts, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and its war with Ukraine since 2014. The latter has involved the internationally unrecognised annexation and occupation of Ukrainian territories, including that of Crimea in 2014 and four other regions in 2022, during an ongoing invasion. Russia is generally considered a great power and is a regional power, possessing the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and having the third-highest military expenditure in the world. Its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources, mainly oil and natural gas. Russia ranks very low in international measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press, and has high levels of perceived corruption. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and a member state of several international organisations. Russia is home to 32 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Moscow 55°45′21″N 37°37′02″E / 55.75583°N 37.61722°E / 55.75583; 37.61722
Official and national language
Russian
mw- Recognised regional languages
35 regional official languages
Ethnic groups (2021; including Crimea)
mw- 71.7% Russian3.2% Tatar1.1% Bashkir1.1% Chechen11.3% other11.6% not reported
Demonym
Russian
Government
Federal semi-presidential republic under an authoritarian dictatorship
• President
Vladimir Putin
• Prime Minister
Mikhail Mishustin
Legislature
Federal Assembly
• Upper house
Federation Council
• Lower house
State Duma
• Kievan Rus'
882
• Vladimir-Suzdal
1157
• Principality of Moscow
1282
• Tsardom of Russia
16 January 1547
• Russian Empire
2 November 1721
• Monarchy abolished
15 March 1917
• Soviet Union
30 December 1922
• Declaration of StateSovereignty
12 June 1990
• Russian Federation
12 December 1991
• Current constitution
12 December 1993
• Total
$2.541 trillion (9th)
• Water (%)
13 (including swamps)
• 2025 estimate
146,028,325 (including Crimea) 143,569,049 (excluding Crimea) (9th)
• Density
8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (187th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$17,446 (68th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2020)
36.0 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.832very high (64th)
Currency
Russian ruble (₽) (RUB)
Time zone
UTC 2 to 12
Calling code
7
ISO 3166 code
RU
Internet TLD
ru.рф.su

Tables

· Government and politics › Political divisions
46 oblasts
46 oblasts
Federal subjects
46 oblasts
Governance
The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.
22 republics
22 republics
Federal subjects
22 republics
Governance
Each is nominally autonomous—home to a specific ethnic minority, and has its own constitution, language, and legislature, but is represented by the federal government in international affairs.
9 krais
9 krais
Federal subjects
9 krais
Governance
For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.
4 autonomous okrugs
4 autonomous okrugs
Federal subjects
4 autonomous okrugs
Governance
Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.
3 federal cities
3 federal cities
Federal subjects
3 federal cities
Governance
Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as Sevastopol in Russian-occupied Ukraine).
1 autonomous oblast
1 autonomous oblast
Federal subjects
1 autonomous oblast
Governance
The only autonomous oblast is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.
Federal subjects
Governance
46 oblasts
The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.
22 republics
Each is nominally autonomous—home to a specific ethnic minority, and has its own constitution, language, and legislature, but is represented by the federal government in international affairs.
9 krais
For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.
4 autonomous okrugs
Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.
3 federal cities
Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as Sevastopol in Russian-occupied Ukraine).
1 autonomous oblast
The only autonomous oblast is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.

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  554. Folklore
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  555. Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания
  556. The New Age of Russia: Occult and Esoteric Dimensions
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  558. The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review
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  562. Mutual recognition of qualifications: the Russian Federation and the other European countries
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  563. "Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative) - Russian Federation"
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  565. Encyclopædia Britannica
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  566. International Journal of Educational Development
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  567. History of the University in Europe: Volume 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800)
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  568. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
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  570. Calvert 22 Foundation
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  571. "Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Russian Federation"
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  572. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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  573. The New York Times
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  577. datadot
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  578. "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Russian Federation"
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  579. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
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  580. Alcohol and Alcoholism
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  581. The Lancet
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  582. World Obesity Federation Global Obesity Observatory
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  583. BMC Public Health
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  584. "Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool"
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  597. The Monist
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  598. Osiris
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  599. The Russian Review
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  600. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
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  601. Raven: A Journal of Vexillology
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  602. Nationalities Papers
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  603. Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture
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  605. "Russian New Year: At The Heart Of A Wide Tapestry Of Winter Traditions"
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  606. Риа Новости
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  617. The Russian Review
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  618. Slavic Review
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  619. Canadian Medical Association Journal
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  620. Russian Painting
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  622. Russian Realisms
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  623. The Slavonic and East European Review
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  624. Dance Research Journal
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  625. The Art Bulletin
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  626. The Journal of the Walters Art Museum
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  627. The Slavonic and East European Review
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  628. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
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  629. A Global History of Architecture
  630. Academia.edu
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  631. The Slavonic and East European Review
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  632. The Most Intentional City: St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great
  633. The Russian Review
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  634. Visual Texts, Ceremonial Texts, Texts of Exploration: Collected Articles on the Representation of Russian Monarchy
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  635. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
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  636. The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts
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  637. Oxford Art Journal
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  638. "To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture's Journey from Classicism to Standardization"
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  639. Notes
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  640. Music & Letters
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  645. "DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground"
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  646. "'Crazy Pirates': The Leningrad Rockers Who Rode A Wind Of Change Across The U.S.S.R."
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  653. The Russian Review
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  655. New Zealand Slavonic Journal
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  656. The Guardian
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  702. In the Kitchen: The New Bible of Home Cooking
  703. Classic Russian Cuisine: A Magnificent Selection of More Than 400 Traditional Recipes
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  705. Jane Grigson's Vegetable Book
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