Ruhollah Khomeini

References

1. The head of state was disputed between Khomeini and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from 5 to 11 February 1979.
2. Khomeini's title as de facto head of state was Leader of the Revolution until 3 December 1979, when he appointed himself
3. The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was 17 May 1900, although his brother Ayatollah Mortaza Pasandideh g
4. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- UK: /xɒˈmeɪni/ khom-AY-nee, US: /xoʊ-/ khohm-Persian: روح‌الله خ
5. Islam and Revolution: Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
   https://archive.org/details/islamrevolutionw00khom
6. Sunni Muslims believe the birthday of Muhammad was 12th of Rabi' al-awwal, in the Islamic calendar, but many Shia Musl
7. Sourced from: The original quote which is part of a speech made in 1979 can be found here: I cannot imagine and no wise
   http://www.tebyan.net/newindex.aspx?pid=58950&vn=9&gpn=450
8. For example, he issued a fatwa stating: It is not acceptable that a tributary [non-Muslim who pays tribute] changes his
9. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
10. "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Chapter 1, Article 1"
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran
11. Moin, Khomeini, (2001), p. 201
12. BBC – History
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/khomeini_ayatollah.shtml
13. gq-magazine.co.uk
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14. besacenter.org
    https://besacenter.org/antisemitism-is-inseparable-from-khomeinism/
15. theweek.com
    https://theweek.com/politics/iran-and-the-usa-history
16. britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/event/Iranian-Revolution
17. Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin
18. Imam Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy
19. Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam by Juan Ricardo Cole
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&dq=awadh+persian&pg=PA8
20. Art and culture: endeavours in interpretation by Ahsan Jan Qaisar, Som Prakash Verma, Mohammad Habib
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21. Encyclopædia Iranica, "Avadh" Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, E. Yarshater
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22. Ruhollah Khomeini's brief biography by Hamid Algar
23. From Khomein, A biography of the Ayatollah, 14 June 1999, The Iranian
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24. The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism by Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir
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25. Khomeini: life of the Ayatollah, Volume 1999 by Baqer Moin
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26. Moin 2000, p. 18
27. "Imam Khomeini's Biography"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190403160844/http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2116/Imam-Khomeini-s-Biography
28. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
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29. britannica.com
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30. bbc.co.uk
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31. Reich 1990, p. 310
32. Reich 1990, p. 311
33. Milani 1994, p. 85
34. Moin 2000, p. 22
35. Brumberg 2001, p. 45. "By 1920, the year Khomeini moved to Arak..."
36. Moin 2000, p. 28. "Khomeini's madraseh in Qom was known as the Dar al-Shafa..."
37. Moin 2000, p. 42
38. Brumberg 2001, p. 46
39. Rāhnamā 1994, pp. 70–71
40. imamreza.net
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110614032732/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?print=4250
41. Kashful-Asrar, p. 33 by Ruhollah Khomeini
42. irib.ir
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071015112221/http://www.irib.ir/Ouriran/imam/writing/html/en/page9.htm
43. Farhang Rajaee, Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran, University of Texas Press, (2010), p. 116.
44. bbc.co.uk
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45. irib.ir
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46. Encyclopædia Britannica
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47. irib.ir
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48. Ervand Abrahamian, Islam, Politics, and Social Movements, University of California Press, (1988), p. 269.
49. The Mystery of Prayer: The Ascension of the Wayfarers and the Prayer of the Gnostics
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50. gemsofislamism.tripod.com
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51. Moin, Baqer, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (2001), p. 60)
52. Encyclopedia of World Biography on Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Ayatullah
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53. Khomeini's Ghost: Iran since 1979
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54. Globalisation, Religion & Development
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55. A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Volume 3: The Islamicate Period, 1978–1984
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56. Fischer, Michael M.J., Iran, From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Harvard University Press, 1980, p. 31
57. Encyclopedia of World Biography on Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Ayatollah
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58. nmhschool.org
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59. Islam and Revolution, p.175
60. Conflict Quarterly
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61. Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p. 112.
62. "A History of Iran" by Michael Axworthy
63. Iran Under the Ayatollahs
64. Khomeini's speech against capitalism, IRIB World Service.
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65. Shirley, Know Thine Enemy, (1997), p. 207.
66. Time
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67. The New York Times
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68. The great war for civilisation: the conquest of the Middle East
69. According to Alexandre de Marenches, chief of External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service (now known as the DGS
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70. Some sources report that president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing sent Michel Poniatowski to Tehran to propose to the Shah the
    https://archive.org/donate/
71. Mottahedeh, Roy; The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p. 246
72. Abrahamian, Iran, (1982), pp. 478–479
73. Hamid Algar, "Development of the Concept of velayat-i faqih since the Islamic Revolution in Iran", paper presented at Lo
74. nyulawglobal.org
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75. Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p. 218
76. Islam and Revolution (1981), pp. 29–30.
77. Islam and Revolution, (1981), p. 59.
78. Islam and Revolution, (1981), pp. 31, 56.
79. Islam and Revolution, (1981), p. 54.
80. Digest of Middle East Studies
    https://www.academia.edu/7644699
81. Kepel, Jihad, 2092, p. 111
82. Khomeini on a cassette tape [source: Gozideh Payam-ha Imam Khomeini (Selections of Imam Khomeini's Messages), Tehran, 19
83. Parviz Sabeti, head of SAVAK's "anti-subversion unit", believed the number of cassettes "exceeded 100,000". (Taheri, The
84. Mackay, Iranians (1996), p. 277; source: Quoted in Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon
85. Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, p. 238
86. See also Gölz, "Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty.", In Sakralitä
    https://www.academia.edu/34634793/G%C3%B6lz_Olmo_Khomeinis_Face_is_in_the_Moon_Limitations_of_Sacredness_and_the_Origins_of_Sovereignty._In_Sakralit%C3%A4t_und_Heldentum_hrsg._von_Felix_Heinzer_J%C3%B6rn_Leonhard_und_Ralf_von_den_Hoff_229_244_Helden_-_Heroisierungen_-_Heroismen_6._W%C3%BCrzburg_Ergon_2017
87. Gölz, "Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty.", In Sakralität und Hel
    https://www.academia.edu/34634793/G%C3%B6lz_Olmo_Khomeinis_Face_is_in_the_Moon_Limitations_of_Sacredness_and_the_Origins_of_Sovereignty._In_Sakralit%C3%A4t_und_Heldentum_hrsg._von_Felix_Heinzer_J%C3%B6rn_Leonhard_und_Ralf_von_den_Hoff_229_244_Helden_-_Heroisierungen_-_Heroismen_6._W%C3%BCrzburg_Ergon_2017
88. Harney, The Priest (1998), p. ?
89. Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p. 203
90. Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin
91. Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps
92. The Guardian
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93. "Two Weeks in January: America's secret engagement with Khomeini"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36431160
94. "Khomeini's secret dialogue with "The Great Satan""
    https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-36438556/khomeini-s-secret-dialogue-with-the-great-satan
95. "On This Day, 1 February 1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran"
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96. My century BBC
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97. New Internationalist
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98. Frontline
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99. Unpaved Road: An Iranian Girl's Real Life Story of Struggle, Deception and Breaking the Rules
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100. Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran
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101. Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day
102. Moin, Khomeini, (2001), p. 199
103. Time
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104. Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, (1985), p. 241
105. Aviny
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106. Moin Khomeini, (2000), p. 204
107. Khomeini's Ghost: Iran since 1979
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108. Moin, Khomeini, (2000), pp. 205–206
109. Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p. 206
110. Encyclopædia Britannica.
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111. "World: Middle East Analysis: The forces for change"
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112. Jihad : the Trail of Political Islam
113. Understanding Angry Groups: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Their Motivations and Effects on Society
114. Moin Khomeini, (2000), p.219
115. Bakhash, Shaul, The Reign of the Ayatollahs, p.68–69
116. Schirazi, Asghar, The Constitution of Iran, (Tauris, 1997) pp. 22–23.
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117. Schirazi, Constitution of Iran Tauris, 1997 p.22–23
118. "Omar Sial: A Guide to the Legal System of the Islamic Republic of Iran"
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119. "A Detailed Analysis of Iran's Constitution, by Richard Horowitz, World Policy Institute Blog, 12 October 2010"
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120. tripod.com
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121. iranian.com
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122. Time
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123. ""Inside Iran", Maziar Bahari, Published 11 September 2008"
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124. Bowden, Mark, Guests of the Ayatollah, Atlantic Monthly Press, (2006)
125. Reading Lolita in Tehran: a Memoir in Books by Azar Nafisi, p.105
126. The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and U.S. Policy
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127. Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.228
128. Example of anti-theocratic support for the hostage crisis in Nafisi, Azar, Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books,
129. (Resalat, 25 March 1988) (quoted on p.69, The Constitution of Iran by Asghar Schirazi, Tauris, 1997
130. Imam Khomeini
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131. "Iran's unfinished crisis Nazenin Ansari, 16–09–2009"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20141110165615/https://www.opendemocracy.net/article/iran-s-unfinished-crisis
132. 1980 April 8 – Broadcast call by Khomeini for the pious of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein and his regime. Al-Dawa al-I
133. Wright, In the Name of God (1989), p.126
134. Time
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135. The New York Times
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136. The Cypress Tree
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137. Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis
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138. Foreign Policy
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139. Encyclopedia Britannica
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140. "Iranians Turn Away from the Islamic Republic"
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141. Moin, Khomeini (2000), (estimate by Iranian officials) p. 252
142. Moin, Khomeini (2000), p. 285
143. Foreign Policy
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144. Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations
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145. Marzorati, Gerald, "Salman Rushdie: Fiction's Embattled Infidel". Named Man of the Year in 1979 by American newsmagazine
146. History.com
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147. God Or Allah, Truth Or Bull?
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148. Bernard Lewis's comment on Rushdie fatwa in The Crisis of Islam (2003), Bernard Lewis, pp. 141–142
149. The New York Times
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150. The New York Times
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151. TheGuardian.com
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152. Moin, Baqer, Khomeini, (2000), p.258)
153. "Iranian women – before and after the Islamic Revolution"
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154. "Khomeini bans broadcast music", The New York Times, 24 July 1979
155. "Secretariat of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. Brief history of the SCCR"
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156. The ban started with the revolution and lasted 10 years. Hossein Shahidi. 'BBC Persian Service 60 years on.' The Iranian
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157. Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism
158. Wilson Center. MENA360
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159. Khomeini's Legacy on Women's Rights and Roles in the Islamic Republic of Iran
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160. A Critical Introduction to Khomeini
161. رساله توضیح المسائل حضرت آیةالله العظمی امام خمینی قدس سره
162. 2412 Sentence
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163. Breaking the silence: rape law in Iran and controlling women's sexuality
     https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt9qgkd6.10
164. A Clarification of Questions: An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael
     https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429047114-1
165. Encounters with Islam: On Religion, Politics and Modernity (Library of Modern Religion)
166. Mansouri & Son Solicitors
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167. Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World
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168. Unspeakable Love: Gay and Lesbian Life in the Middle East
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169. Failing the Crystal Ball Test
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170. Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin
171. Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies
172. The Origins of Sex: A History of the First Sexual Revolution
173. Spiegel Online
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174. "Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'"
     https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7259057.stm
175. "Film – Iran's gay plan"
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176. An Introduction to the Modern Middle East, By David S. Sorenson
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177. (Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini (2001), p. 125)
178. (Khomeini July 1979) [quoted in The Government of God p. 111. see the FBIS for typical broadcasts, especially GBIS-MEA-7
179. (Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini (2001), p. 125)(pp. 124–5 source: 'Khomeini to the Craftsmen' broadcast on Teheran Domes
180. Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, (2006), p. 134
181. Moin, Baqer, Khomeini, (2000), p. 267
182. "The Iran Primer. The Revolutionary Economy"
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183. Based on the government's own Planning and Budget Organization statistics, from: Jahangir Amuzegar, 'The Iranian Economy
184. Ebadi, Shirin, Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006,
185. However, a significant degree of this can be attributed to Iranians fleeing during the war.Iran's Economic Morass: Misma
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186. "Huge cost of Iranian brain drain By Frances Harrison"
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187. Kepel, Jihad, 2002, pp.111-118
188. "The Difference Between A Marja And A Supreme Leader"
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189. Kepel, Jihad, 2002, pp.117-118, 364
190. Kepel, Jihad, 2002, p364
191. Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs (1984), p.61
192. "Democracy? I meant theocracy By Dr. Jalal Matini"
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193. University of Massachusetts Boston, "Wavelength – Vol. 03, No. 04 – Spring 1982" (1982). Wavelength (1979–1984). Paper 1
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194. Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left
195. Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran's Revolutionary Guards
196. Moin (2000), p. https://archive.org/details/khomeinilifeofay00moin/page/241/mode/2up?q=bombing 241.
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197. The Rise and Fall of the Mojahedin Khalq, 1987-1997: Their Survival After the Islamic Revolution and Resistance to the Islamic Republic of Iran
198. Los Angeles Times
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199. Report of the President's Special Review Board
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200. The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988
201. "A survivor tells of 1988 massacre in Islamic Republic Thousands of men, women, children secretly executed"
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202. "A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baháʼís of Iran"
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