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Rudolf Höss

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Rudolf Höss

Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Höss (also Höß, Hoeß, or Hoess; German: [hœs]; 25 November 1900 – 16 April 1947) was a German SS officer and the commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of World War II, he lived under a false name until discovered by the British, who then turned him over to Polish authorities. Höss was convicted in Poland and executed for war crimes committed on the prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp and for his role in the Holocaust. Höss was the longest-serving commandant of Auschwitz Concentration Camp (from 4 May 1940 to November 1943, and again from 8 May 1944 to 18 January 1945). He tested and implemented means to accelerate Hitler's order to systematically exterminate the Jewish population of Nazi-occupied Europe, known as the Final Solution. On the initiative of one of his subordinates, Karl Fritzsch, Höss introduced the pesticide Zyklon B to be used in gas chambers, where over a million people were killed. Höss was hanged in 1947 following a trial before the Polish Supreme National Tribunal. During his imprisonment, at the request of the Polish authorities, Höss wrote his memoirs, released in English under the title Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess.

Infobox

Born
Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Höß(1900-11-25)25 November 1900Baden-Baden, Germany
Died
16 April 1947(1947-04-16) (aged 46)Oświęcim, Poland
Political party
Nazi Party
Criminal status
Executed
Spouse
mw- Hedwig Hensel (m. 1929)
Children
5
Conviction
Crimes against humanity
Trial
Supreme National Tribunal
Criminal penalty
Death
Branch
Death's Head UnitsWaffen-SS
Years of service
1934–1945
Rank
SS-Obersturmbannführer
Commands
Commandant of Auschwitz Block Leader and Report Leader in Dachau (November 1934) Adjutant to the Commandant (August 1938) and Commander of the detention camp (December 1939) in Sachsenhausen Commandant in Auschwitz (30 April 1940) Head of Office D I, Department D (Camps inspectorate) of SS-WVHA (1 December 1943) Chief Commandant (Standortältester) in Auschwitz ("Operation Höss" – Mass murder of Hungarian Jews)(8 May – 29 July 1944) Coordinator of killing operation by gassing in Ravensbrück (November 1944)
Service years
1934–1945

Tables

· External links
Preceded byNone
Preceded byNone
Military offices
Preceded byNone
Military offices
Commandant of Auschwitz 4 May 1940 – November 1943
Military offices
Succeeded bySS-Obersturmbannführer Arthur Liebehenschel
Preceded byNone
Preceded byNone
Military offices
Preceded byNone
Military offices
Chief Commandant (Standortältester) in Auschwitz(mass murder of Hungarian Jews) 8 May 1944 – 29 July 1944
Military offices
Succeeded byNone
Military offices
Preceded byNone
Commandant of Auschwitz 4 May 1940 – November 1943
Succeeded bySS-Obersturmbannführer Arthur Liebehenschel
Preceded byNone
Chief Commandant (Standortältester) in Auschwitz(mass murder of Hungarian Jews) 8 May 1944 – 29 July 1944
Succeeded byNone

References

  1. Exberliner
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140713060306/http://www.exberliner.com/features/people/an-auschwitz-heritage/
  2. Klee 2013, p. 182.
  3. Hördler 2015, pp. 165–72.
  4. Harding 2013b, pp. 5, 288.
  5. Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (Two Vol. Set)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&q=H%C3%B6ss%2C+Rudolf
  6. Evans 2003, p. 218.
  7. Pressac & Pelt 1994, p. 209.
  8. Browning 2004, pp. 526–527.
  9. Piper, Franciszek & Meyer, Fritjof. "Overall analysis of the original sources and findings on deportation to Auschwitz".
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110521083735/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=334&Itemid=8
  10. Commandant of Auschwitz : The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess
  11. Michael Phayer (2000), The Catholic Church and the Holocaust: 1930–1965 Indiana University Press, ISBN 0253214718; p. 11
    https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchho00phay/page/111
  12. Höß 2000, pp. 15–27.
  13. Tenenbaum 2015, locs. 88, 520.
  14. Architect of Death at Auschwitz: A Biography of Rudolf Höss
  15. Hilberg, Raul, Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1962), p. 575
  16. Höß 1959, p. 42.
  17. Rudolph Höss. Commandant of Auschwitz, 1951. p. 44.
    https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.59888/page/43/mode/2up?q=Kadow
  18. "Rudolf Höss"
    https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/rudolf-h-ouml-ss
  19. "Martin Bormann"
    https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Bormann.html
  20. Höß 1959, p. 47.
  21. IAls Gefängnisarzt im Nürnberger Prozess: das Tagebuch des Dr. Ludwig Pflücker
  22. Evans 2003, pp. 219–220.
  23. Crime and Criminal Justice in Modern Germany
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  24. Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany
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  25. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/hiding-in-n-virginia-a-daughter-of-auschwitz/2013/09/06/1314d648-04fd-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html
  26. KL Auschwitz seen by the SS
    https://archive.org/details/klauschwitzseenb00hs/page/226
  27. "Hitler's Children", BBC documentary
  28. Architect of death at Auschwitz: a biography of Rudolf Höss
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133655190
  29. Evans 2005, p. 84.
  30. www.holocaustresearchproject.org
    http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/hoess.html
  31. Hitler, Stalin and the Destruction of Poland: Explaining History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=--u-BAAAQBAJ&dq=himmler+met+h%C3%B6ss+1934&pg=PT34
  32. KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bg5iBQAAQBAJ&dq=h%C3%B6ss+himmler+stettin&pg=PT75
  33. Höß 1996, p. 81.
  34. Führung gut – politisch unzuverlässig
  35. Douglas O. Linder, "Testimony of Rudolf Höß at the Nuremberg Trials, April 15, 1946" available online at Famous World Tr
    http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/hoesstest.html
  36. Encountering Genocide: Personal Accounts from Victims, Perpetrators, and Witnesses
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RAtvBAAAQBAJ&q=1938+promoted+SS-Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer+%28captain%29+
  37. Architect of death at Auschwitz: a biography of Rudolf Höss
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133655190
  38. Evans 2008, p. 295.
  39. Hughes, John Jay (25 March 1998). A Mass Murderer Repents: The Case of Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz. Archbishop
    https://www.shu.edu/documents/mass-murderer-repents.pdf
  40. The Observer
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/24/brigitte-hoss-auschwitz-zone-of-interest-rudolf-oscar-winning-thomas-harding
  41. Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11583691/Jozef-Paczynski-holocaust-survivor-obituary.html#disqus_thread
  42. Architect of death at Auschwitz: a biography of Rudolf Höss
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133655190
  43. "Death Wall" Auschwitz.org
    http://70.auschwitz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=234&Itemid=179&lang=en#:~:text=Death%20Wall%20A%20structure%20erected%20near%20the%20courtyard,base%20of%20the%20skull%20from%20a%20small%E2%80%91bore%20weapon
  44. Architect of death at Auschwitz: a biography of Rudolf Höss
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133655190
  45. Pressac, Jean-Claude (1989). Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wa
    http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/pressac/technique-and-operation/pressac0132.shtml
  46. Höß 2000, pp. 106–157 and Appendix 1 pp. 183–200.
  47. Architect of death at Auschwitz: a biography of Rudolf Höss
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133655190
  48. "The unloading ramps and selections" Auschwitz.org
    http://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-and-shoah/the-unloading-ramps-and-selections/
  49. Architect of death at Auschwitz: a biography of Rudolf Höss
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133655190
  50. Gilbert 1995, pp. 249–250.
  51. Fordham University
    https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1946hoess.asp
  52. Architect of death at Auschwitz: a biography of Rudolf Höss
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133655190
  53. Konrad Morgen
    https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137496959_17
  54. People in Auschwitz
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vdtaBoUgXSMC&q=Nora+Mattaliano-Hodys&pg=PA411
  55. Holocaust Controversies
    http://holocaustcontroversies.blogspot.com/2009/11/war-time-german-document-mentioning.html
  56. PBS
    https://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/about/transcripts_4.html
  57. Jozef Boszko, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust vol. 2, p. 692
  58. Wilkinson, Alec, "Picturing Auschwitz", The New Yorker, 17 March 2008, pp. 50–54.
    https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/03/17/picturing-auschwitz
  59. Architect of death at Auschwitz: a biography of Rudolf Höss
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133655190
  60. Hördler 2015, pp. 165–172.
  61. The Globe and Mail
    https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/nazi-hunter-exploring-the-power-of-secrecy-and-silence/article15311820/
  62. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/aug/31/german-jewish-nazi-hunter-auschwitz
  63. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/hiding-in-n-virginia-a-daughter-of-auschwitz/2013/09/06/1314d648-04fd-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html
  64. Richard Overy (9 September 2013). "Hanns and Rudolf by Thomas Harding, review". The Telegraph.
  65. ORF.at
    https://oe1.orf.at/artikel/386506
  66. "How Reliable are the Höss Memoirs?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120505135028/http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/hoess-memoirs/
  67. Höß 1996, pp. 179–180.
  68. avalon.law.yale.edu
    https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/04-15-46.asp
  69. Höß 1959, p. 194.
  70. The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8ALHAwFfy44C&q=%22is+the+best+that+can+be+done.+We+cannot+produce+this+man.%22&pg=PA149
  71. Fordham University
    http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1946Hoess.html
  72. Höß 1996, p. 39.
  73. Höß 1959, pp. 5–7.
  74. Höß 1959, p. 8. Translator's note states: "The original documents are the property of the High Commission for the Examin
  75. Architect of death at Auschwitz: a biography of Rudolf Höss
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133655190
  76. Gilbert 1995, p. 260.
  77. Auschwitz and Absolution: The Case of the Commandment and the Confessor
  78. Auschwitz–Birkenau official website for the camp museum and memorial
    https://www.auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/auschwitz-commandant-rudolf-hoess-on-the-gallows,461.html
  79. Israel Hayom
    https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/07/28/the-criminal-grandson-of-the-commander-of-auschwitz/
  80. The Seattle Times
    https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/a-secret-life-as-nazi-leaderrsquos-daughter/
  81. 'Und Sie hatten nie Gewissensbisse?': die Biografie von Rudolf Höß, Kommandant von Auschwitz, und die Frage nach seiner Verantwortung vor Gott und den Menschen
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ezGxAAAAIAAJ&q=klaus+h%C3%B6ss+stanislaw+dubiel+dummheit
  82. Children of Nazis: The Sons and Daughters of Himmler, Göring, Höss, Mengele, and Others – Living with a Father's Monstrous Legacy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wTyCDwAAQBAJ&dq=colorful+triangles+h%C3%B6ss+kapo&pg=PT168
  83. Times of Israel
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/auschwitz-commanders-grandson-an-anti-nazi-activist-said-to-carry-out-fraud/
  84. "My Nazi family"
    https://www.exberliner.com/berlin/an-auschwitz-heritage/
  85. dw.com
    https://www.dw.com/en/rudolf-hoess-auschwitz-nazis/a-54548768
  86. The Times of Israel
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/auschwitz-commanders-grandson-an-anti-nazi-activist-said-to-carry-out-fraud/
  87. The Berliner
    https://www.exberliner.com/berlin/an-auschwitz-heritage/
  88. Thomas Harding official website
    https://www.thomasharding.com/kommandants-wife-sunday-times
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