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Romansh language

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Romansh language

Romansh ( roh-MA(H)NSH; sometimes also spelled Romansch and Rumantsch) is a Romance language of the Gallo-Romance and/or Rhaeto-Romance branch of languages spoken predominantly in the Swiss canton of the Grisons (Graubünden). Romansh has been recognized as a national language of Switzerland since 1938, and as an official language in correspondence with Romansh-speaking citizens since 1996, along with German, French, and Italian. It also has official status in the canton of the Grisons alongside German and Italian and is used as the medium of instruction in schools in Romansh-speaking areas. It is sometimes grouped by linguists with Ladin and Friulian as the Rhaeto-Romance languages, though this is disputed. Romansh is one of the descendant languages of the spoken Latin language of the Roman Empire, which by the 5th century AD replaced the Celtic and Raetic languages previously spoken in the area. Romansh retains a small number of words from these languages. Romansh has also been strongly influenced by German in vocabulary and morphosyntax. The language gradually retreated to its current area over the centuries, being replaced in other areas by Alemannic and Bavarian dialects. The earliest writing identified as Romansh dates from the 10th or 11th century, although major works did not appear until the 16th century, when several regional written varieties began to develop. During the 19th century the area where the language was spoken declined due to the industrialization of Switzerland, but the Romansh speakers had a literary revival and started a language movement dedicated to halting the decline of their language. In the 2000 Swiss census, 35,095 people (of whom 27,038 live in the canton of the Grisons) indicated Romansh as the language of "best command", and 61,815 as a "regularly spoken" language. In 2010, Switzerland switched to a yearly system of assessment that uses a combination of municipal citizen records and a limited number of surveys. In 2019, 40,074 Swiss residents primarily spoke Romansh; in 2017, 28,698 inhabitants of the canton of the Grisons (14.7% of the population) used it as their main language. Romansh is divided into five different regional dialect groups (Sursilvan, Vallader, Putèr, Surmiran, and Sutsilvan), each with its own standardized written language. In addition, a pan-regional variety called Rumantsch Grischun was introduced in 1982, which is controversial among Romansh speakers.

Infobox

Pronunciation
[ʁoˈmɔntʃ] ⓘ[rʊˈmantʃ] ⓘ[rʊˈmɛntʃ] ⓘ[rʊˈmaʊ̯ntʃ][rəˈmøntʃ]
Native to
Switzerland
Region
Grisons (Graubünden)
Ethnicity
Romansh
Native speakers
Main language: 40,000 (2019)Regular speakers: 60,000 (2000)
Language family
Indo-European ItalicLatino-FaliscanLatinicRomanceItalo-WesternWesternGallo-Iberian?Gallo-RomanceGallo-Rhaetian?Rhaeto-RomanceRomansh
Standard forms
Sursilvan Vallader Putèr Surmiran Sutsilvan Rumantsch Grischun
Dialects
Sursilvan Tuatschin Vallader Jauer Putèr Surmiran Sutsilvan
Writing system
Latin
Official language in
Switzerland
ISO 639-1
rm
ISO 639-2
roh
ISO 639-3
roh
Glottolog
roma1326
ELP
Romansch
Linguasphere
51-AAA-k
IETF
rm

Tables

Number of Romansh speakers in the Grisons 1803–1980[58] · History › Romansh during the 19th and 20th centuries
1803
1803
year
1803
Romansh (absolute number)
36,700
Romansh %
c. 50%
German %
c. 36%
Italian %
c. 14%
1850
1850
year
1850
Romansh (absolute number)
42,439
Romansh %
47.2%
German %
39.5%
Italian %
13.3%
1880
1880
year
1880
Romansh (absolute number)
37,794
Romansh %
39.8%
German %
46.0%
Italian %
13.7%
1900
1900
year
1900
Romansh (absolute number)
36,472
Romansh %
34.9%
German %
46.7%
Italian %
16.8%
1920
1920
year
1920
Romansh (absolute number)
39,127
Romansh %
32.7%
German %
51.2%
Italian %
14.8%
1941
1941
year
1941
Romansh (absolute number)
40,187
Romansh %
31.3%
German %
54.9%
Italian %
12.8%
1960
1960
year
1960
Romansh (absolute number)
38,414
Romansh %
26.1%
German %
56.7%
Italian %
16.1%
1980
1980
year
1980
Romansh (absolute number)
36,017
Romansh %
21.9%
German %
59.9%
Italian %
13.5%
year
Romansh (absolute number)
Romansh %
German %
Italian %
1803
36,700
c. 50%
c. 36%
c. 14%
1850
42,439
47.2%
39.5%
13.3%
1880
37,794
39.8%
46.0%
13.7%
1900
36,472
34.9%
46.7%
16.8%
1920
39,127
32.7%
51.2%
14.8%
1941
40,187
31.3%
54.9%
12.8%
1960
38,414
26.1%
56.7%
16.1%
1980
36,017
21.9%
59.9%
13.5%
Speakers within the Romansh-speaking area as defined by Jean-Jacques Furer[138] · Geographic distribution › Current distribution
No.
No.
Col 1
No.
1990
%
1990
No.
2000
%
Total
Total
Col 1
Total
1990
34,274
1990
51.32%
2000
33,991
2000
46.44%
Language of best command
Language of best command
Col 1
Language of best command
1990
25,894
1990
38.78%
2000
24,016
2000
32.81%
Family language
Family language
Col 1
Family language
1990
30,985
1990
47.68%
2000
28,712
2000
42.50%
Language used in employment
Language used in employment
Col 1
Language used in employment
1990
11,655
1990
37.92%
2000
13,734
2000
38.14%
Language used in school
Language used in school
Col 1
Language used in school
1990
4,479
1990
54.44%
2000
5,645
2000
54.91%
1990
2000
No.
%
No.
%
Total
34,274
51.32%
33,991
46.44%
Language of best command
25,894
38.78%
24,016
32.81%
Family language
30,985
47.68%
28,712
42.50%
Language used in employment
11,655
37.92%
13,734
38.14%
Language used in school
4,479
54.44%
5,645
54.91%
· Phonology
Nasal
Nasal
Col 1
Nasal
Labial
m
Dental andalveolar
n
Palatal
ɲ
Velar
1ŋ
Plosive
Plosive
Col 1
Plosive
Labial
p  b
Dental andalveolar
t  d
Palatal
2tɕ  dʑ
Velar
k  ɡ
Affricate
Affricate
Col 1
Affricate
Dental andalveolar
ts
Palato-alveolar
tʃ
Fricative
Fricative
Col 1
Fricative
Labio-dental
f  v
Dental andalveolar
s  z
Palato-alveolar
ʃ  ʒ
Palatal
3ç
Glottal
4h
Approximant
Approximant
Col 1
Approximant
Palatal
j
Lateral
Lateral
Col 1
Lateral
Dental andalveolar
l
Palatal
ʎ
Trill
Trill
Col 1
Trill
Dental andalveolar
5r
Labial
Labio-dental
Dental andalveolar
Palato-alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
ɲ
1ŋ
Plosive
p b
t d
2tɕ dʑ
k ɡ
Affricate
ts
tʃ
Fricative
f v
s z
ʃ ʒ
3ç
4h
Approximant
j
Lateral
l
ʎ
Trill
5r
· Phonology
Close
Close
Monophthongs
Close
Front
i  y
Back
u
Close-mid
Close-mid
Monophthongs
Close-mid
Front
e  ø
Back
o
Mid
Mid
Monophthongs
Mid
Front
ɛ
Back
ɔ
Open
Open
Monophthongs
Open
Front
a
Monophthongs
Front
Central
Back
Close
i y
u
Close-mid
e ø
o
Mid
ɛ
ɔ
Open
a
· Phonology
Closing
Closing
Diphthongs
Closing
Falling
[aɪ] [au] [ɛɪ] [ɛu] [uɪ] [ɪu]
Centering
Centering
Diphthongs
Centering
Falling
[iə]
Opening
Opening
Diphthongs
Opening
Falling
[uɔ]
Rising
[uɛ] [ɪa] [ua]
Diphthongs
Falling
Rising
Closing
[aɪ] [au] [ɛɪ] [ɛu] [uɪ] [ɪu]
Centering
[iə]
Opening
[uɔ]
[uɛ] [ɪa] [ua]
· Orthography
A
A
Capitals
A
Capitals
B
Capitals
C
Capitals
D
Capitals
E
Capitals
F
Capitals
G
Capitals
H
Capitals
I
Capitals
J
Capitals
L
Capitals
M
Capitals
N
Capitals
O
Capitals
Ö
Capitals
P
Capitals
Q
Capitals
R
Capitals
S
Capitals
T
Capitals
U
Capitals
Ü
Capitals
V
Capitals
X
Capitals
Z
Lowercase
Lowercase
Capitals
Lowercase
a
a
Capitals
a
Capitals
b
Capitals
c
Capitals
d
Capitals
e
Capitals
f
Capitals
g
Capitals
h
Capitals
i
Capitals
j
Capitals
l
Capitals
m
Capitals
n
Capitals
o
Capitals
ö
Capitals
p
Capitals
q
Capitals
r
Capitals
s
Capitals
t
Capitals
u
Capitals
ü
Capitals
v
Capitals
x
Capitals
z
Names
Names
Capitals
Names
a
a
Capitals
a
Capitals
be
Capitals
tse
Capitals
de
Capitals
e
Capitals
ef
Capitals
ghe
Capitals
ha
Capitals
i
Capitals
jot/i lung
Capitals
el
Capitals
em
Capitals
en
Capitals
o
Capitals
ö
Capitals
pe
Capitals
cu
Capitals
er
Capitals
es
Capitals
te
Capitals
u
Capitals
ü
Capitals
ve
Capitals
ichs
Capitals
tset
Capitals
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
Ö
P
Q
R
S
T
U
Ü
V
X
Z
Lowercase
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
l
m
n
o
ö
p
q
r
s
t
u
ü
v
x
z
Names
a
be
tse
de
e
ef
ghe
ha
i
jot/i lung
el
em
en
o
ö
pe
cu
er
es
te
u
ü
ve
ichs
tset
Consonants · Orthography
⟨b⟩
⟨b⟩
Orthography
⟨b⟩
IPA
[b]
Example
Surs. baselgiaⓘ "church", Put. büglⓘ "water well"
⟨c⟩
⟨c⟩
Orthography
⟨c⟩
IPA
[k]
Example
Surs. canasterⓘ "basket", Put. cordaⓘ "cord"
Notes
Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ and consonants
[ts]
[ts]
Orthography
[ts]
IPA
Surs. decemberⓘ, Vall. celebrarⓘ "to celebrate"
Example
Before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩
⟨ch⟩
⟨ch⟩
Orthography
⟨ch⟩
IPA
[tɕ]
Example
Put. chapütschaⓘ "hat", zücherⓘ "sugar"
Notes
In Putèr and Vallader
[k]
[k]
Orthography
[k]
IPA
Surs. zucherⓘ "sugar"
Example
In Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, and Surmiran
⟨d⟩
⟨d⟩
Orthography
⟨d⟩
IPA
[d]
Example
Surs. dirⓘ[clarification needed] "inside", Put. roudaⓘ "wheel"
⟨f⟩
⟨f⟩
Orthography
⟨f⟩
IPA
[f]
Example
Surs. filⓘ "string", Put. föⓘ "fire"
⟨g⟩
⟨g⟩
Orthography
⟨g⟩
IPA
[ɡ]
Example
Surs. gatteglⓘ "kitten", Put. godⓘ "forest"
Notes
Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ and voiced consonants
[dʑ]
[dʑ]
Orthography
[dʑ]
IPA
Surs. tegiaⓘ "hut", Put. göⓘ "game", saungⓘ [clarification needed] "blood"
Example
Before ⟨e⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨i⟩, and ⟨ü⟩; the ⟨i⟩ is silent when followed by another vowel; word-finally in Putèr and Vallader (usually devoiced)
⟨gh⟩
⟨gh⟩
Orthography
⟨gh⟩
IPA
[ɡ]
Example
Surs. schenghegiarⓘ "to give a gift", Put. ghignaⓘ "grimace"
Notes
Before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (appears nowhere else)
⟨gl⟩
⟨gl⟩
Orthography
⟨gl⟩
IPA
[ɡl]
Example
Surs. Glarunaⓘ "Glarus", Vall. glatschⓘ "ice"
Notes
Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, and ⟨ö⟩
[ʎ]
[ʎ]
Orthography
[ʎ]
IPA
Surs. eglⓘ "eye", magliaⓘ "food", Put. glüschⓘ "light"
Example
Before ⟨i⟩, ⟨ü⟩, and word-final; the ⟨i⟩ is silent when another vowel follows
⟨gn⟩
⟨gn⟩
Orthography
⟨gn⟩
IPA
[ɲ]
Example
Surs. gniervⓘ "nerve", Put. chavagnaⓘ "basket"
⟨h⟩
⟨h⟩
Orthography
⟨h⟩
IPA
(silent)
Example
Surs. habitaziunⓘ "habitation", Vall. hozⓘ "today"
Notes
In most cases; see also ⟨ch⟩, ⟨gh⟩, and ⟨sch⟩
[h]
[h]
Orthography
[h]
IPA
Surs. haluncsⓘ "crooks", Vall. hobiⓘ "hobby"
Example
In some interjections and loanwords
[ç]
[ç]
Orthography
[ç]
IPA
Put. amihⓘ [clarification needed] "friend"
Example
In older Putèr
⟨j⟩
⟨j⟩
Orthography
⟨j⟩
IPA
[j]
Example
Surs. jamnaⓘ "week", Put. mujaⓘ "two-year-old cow"
⟨k⟩
⟨k⟩
Orthography
⟨k⟩
IPA
[k]
Example
Vall. kiloⓘ "kilogram", Vall. tockinⓘ "little piece"
Notes
Occurs only in loanwords except in Putèr and Vallader, where it also occurs before ⟨i⟩ and ⟨e⟩
⟨l⟩
⟨l⟩
Orthography
⟨l⟩
IPA
[l]
Example
Surs. levⓘ "light", Put. mielⓘ "honey"
⟨m⟩
⟨m⟩
Orthography
⟨m⟩
IPA
[m]
Example
Surs. mellenⓘ "yellow", Put. mülⓘ "mole"
⟨n⟩
⟨n⟩
Orthography
⟨n⟩
IPA
[n]
Example
Surs. paunⓘ "bread", Put. puntⓘ "bridge"
Notes
Except as below
⟨ng⟩
⟨ng⟩
Orthography
⟨ng⟩
IPA
[ŋ]
Example
pang "bread"
Notes
only in Surmiran
⟨p⟩
⟨p⟩
Orthography
⟨p⟩
IPA
[p]
Example
Surs. purⓘ "farmer", Put. pomⓘ "apple"
⟨qu⟩
⟨qu⟩
Orthography
⟨qu⟩
IPA
[ku̯]
Example
Surs. quaterⓘ "four", Put. quintⓘ "bill"
⟨r⟩
⟨r⟩
Orthography
⟨r⟩
IPA
[r] or [ʁ]
Example
Put. traisⓘ "three", sur. treisⓘ "three"
Notes
can be either alveolar or uvular, depending on the dialect and speaker
⟨s⟩
⟨s⟩
Orthography
⟨s⟩
IPA
[s]
Example
Surs. suleglⓘ "sun", Put. qualchosaⓘ "something"
Notes
Usually at the beginnings of words and after consonants; always in ⟨ss⟩ and always at the end of a word
[z]
[z]
Orthography
[z]
IPA
Surs. casaⓘ "house", Put. maisaⓘ "table"
Example
Usually between vowels; sometimes after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨r⟩; sometimes at the beginning of a word
[ʃ]
[ʃ]
Orthography
[ʃ]
IPA
Surs. scaffaⓘ "cupboard", Put. splerⓘ "butterfly"
Example
Before voiceless consonants; at the beginning of a word before ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨r⟩
[ʒ]
[ʒ]
Orthography
[ʒ]
IPA
Surs. sbaglⓘ "mistake", Put. sdunⓘ "spoon"
Example
Before a voiced obstruent
⟨sch⟩
⟨sch⟩
Orthography
⟨sch⟩
IPA
[ʃ]
Example
Surs. schavetⓘ "dull", Put. schmancherⓘ "to forget"
Notes
In all positions, not distinguished in writing from [ʒ]
[ʒ]
[ʒ]
Orthography
[ʒ]
IPA
Surs. pischadaⓘ "butter", Put. travascherⓘ "to work"
Example
In all positions except word-finally, not distinguished in writing from [ʃ]
⟨s-ch⟩
⟨s-ch⟩
Orthography
⟨s-ch⟩
IPA
[ʃtɕ]
Example
Put. pas-chüraⓘ "pasture"
Notes
only occurs in Putèr and Vallader, corresponds to ⟨stg⟩ in other dialects
⟨t⟩
⟨t⟩
Orthography
⟨t⟩
IPA
[t]
Example
Surs. tutⓘ "all", Put. tuotⓘ "all"
⟨tg⟩
⟨tg⟩
Orthography
⟨tg⟩
IPA
[tɕ]
Example
Surs. vitgⓘ "village"
Notes
Before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩; the ⟨i⟩ is silent when followed by another vowel; corresponds to ⟨ch⟩ in Putèr and Vallader
⟨tsch⟩
⟨tsch⟩
Orthography
⟨tsch⟩
IPA
[tʃ]
Example
Surs. tschintscharⓘ "to talk", Put. tschöverⓘ "labor strike"
⟨v⟩
⟨v⟩
Orthography
⟨v⟩
IPA
[v]
Example
Surs. rivaⓘ "shore", Put. verdüraⓘ "vegetables"
⟨w⟩
⟨w⟩
Orthography
⟨w⟩
IPA
[v]
Example
pista da bowling "bowling alley"
Notes
Occurs only in foreign words
⟨x⟩
⟨x⟩
Orthography
⟨x⟩
IPA
[ks]
Example
exactⓘ "exactly"
Notes
mainly occurs in learned words and proper names
⟨y⟩
⟨y⟩
Orthography
⟨y⟩
IPA
(Depends on pronunciation in original language)
Example
Vall. hockeyⓘ "hockey"
Notes
Occurs only in foreign words
⟨z⟩
⟨z⟩
Orthography
⟨z⟩
IPA
[ts]
Example
Surs. canzunⓘ "song", Put. zopⓘ "hideout"
Orthography
IPA
Example
Notes
⟨b⟩
[b]
Surs. baselgiaⓘ "church", Put. büglⓘ "water well"
⟨c⟩
[k]
Surs. canasterⓘ "basket", Put. cordaⓘ "cord"
Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ and consonants
[ts]
Surs. decemberⓘ, Vall. celebrarⓘ "to celebrate"
Before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩
⟨ch⟩
[tɕ]
Put. chapütschaⓘ "hat", zücherⓘ "sugar"
In Putèr and Vallader
[k]
Surs. zucherⓘ "sugar"
In Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, and Surmiran
⟨d⟩
[d]
Surs. dirⓘ[clarification needed] "inside", Put. roudaⓘ "wheel"
⟨f⟩
[f]
Surs. filⓘ "string", Put. föⓘ "fire"
⟨g⟩
[ɡ]
Surs. gatteglⓘ "kitten", Put. godⓘ "forest"
Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ and voiced consonants
[dʑ]
Surs. tegiaⓘ "hut", Put. göⓘ "game", saungⓘ [clarification needed] "blood"
Before ⟨e⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨i⟩, and ⟨ü⟩; the ⟨i⟩ is silent when followed by another vowel; word-finally in Putèr and Vallader (usually devoiced)
⟨gh⟩
[ɡ]
Surs. schenghegiarⓘ "to give a gift", Put. ghignaⓘ "grimace"
Before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (appears nowhere else)
⟨gl⟩
[ɡl]
Surs. Glarunaⓘ "Glarus", Vall. glatschⓘ "ice"
Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, and ⟨ö⟩
[ʎ]
Surs. eglⓘ "eye", magliaⓘ "food", Put. glüschⓘ "light"
Before ⟨i⟩, ⟨ü⟩, and word-final; the ⟨i⟩ is silent when another vowel follows
⟨gn⟩
[ɲ]
Surs. gniervⓘ "nerve", Put. chavagnaⓘ "basket"
⟨h⟩
(silent)
Surs. habitaziunⓘ "habitation", Vall. hozⓘ "today"
In most cases; see also ⟨ch⟩, ⟨gh⟩, and ⟨sch⟩
[h]
Surs. haluncsⓘ "crooks", Vall. hobiⓘ "hobby"
In some interjections and loanwords
[ç]
Put. amihⓘ [clarification needed] "friend"
In older Putèr
⟨j⟩
[j]
Surs. jamnaⓘ "week", Put. mujaⓘ "two-year-old cow"
⟨k⟩
[k]
Vall. kiloⓘ "kilogram", Vall. tockinⓘ "little piece"
Occurs only in loanwords except in Putèr and Vallader, where it also occurs before ⟨i⟩ and ⟨e⟩
⟨l⟩
[l]
Surs. levⓘ "light", Put. mielⓘ "honey"
⟨m⟩
[m]
Surs. mellenⓘ "yellow", Put. mülⓘ "mole"
⟨n⟩
[n]
Surs. paunⓘ "bread", Put. puntⓘ "bridge"
Except as below
⟨ng⟩
[ŋ]
pang "bread"
only in Surmiran
⟨p⟩
[p]
Surs. purⓘ "farmer", Put. pomⓘ "apple"
⟨qu⟩
[ku̯]
Surs. quaterⓘ "four", Put. quintⓘ "bill"
⟨r⟩
[r] or [ʁ]
Put. traisⓘ "three", sur. treisⓘ "three"
can be either alveolar or uvular, depending on the dialect and speaker
⟨s⟩
[s]
Surs. suleglⓘ "sun", Put. qualchosaⓘ "something"
Usually at the beginnings of words and after consonants; always in ⟨ss⟩ and always at the end of a word
[z]
Surs. casaⓘ "house", Put. maisaⓘ "table"
Usually between vowels; sometimes after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨r⟩; sometimes at the beginning of a word
[ʃ]
Surs. scaffaⓘ "cupboard", Put. splerⓘ "butterfly"
Before voiceless consonants; at the beginning of a word before ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨r⟩
[ʒ]
Surs. sbaglⓘ "mistake", Put. sdunⓘ "spoon"
Before a voiced obstruent
⟨sch⟩
[ʃ]
Surs. schavetⓘ "dull", Put. schmancherⓘ "to forget"
In all positions, not distinguished in writing from [ʒ]
[ʒ]
Surs. pischadaⓘ "butter", Put. travascherⓘ "to work"
In all positions except word-finally, not distinguished in writing from [ʃ]
⟨s-ch⟩
[ʃtɕ]
Put. pas-chüraⓘ "pasture"
only occurs in Putèr and Vallader, corresponds to ⟨stg⟩ in other dialects
⟨t⟩
[t]
Surs. tutⓘ "all", Put. tuotⓘ "all"
⟨tg⟩
[tɕ]
Surs. vitgⓘ "village"
Before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩; the ⟨i⟩ is silent when followed by another vowel; corresponds to ⟨ch⟩ in Putèr and Vallader
⟨tsch⟩
[tʃ]
Surs. tschintscharⓘ "to talk", Put. tschöverⓘ "labor strike"
⟨v⟩
[v]
Surs. rivaⓘ "shore", Put. verdüraⓘ "vegetables"
⟨w⟩
[v]
pista da bowling "bowling alley"
Occurs only in foreign words
⟨x⟩
[ks]
exactⓘ "exactly"
mainly occurs in learned words and proper names
⟨y⟩
(Depends on pronunciation in original language)
Vall. hockeyⓘ "hockey"
Occurs only in foreign words
⟨z⟩
[ts]
Surs. canzunⓘ "song", Put. zopⓘ "hideout"
Vowels · Orthography
⟨a⟩
⟨a⟩
Orthography
⟨a⟩
IPA
[a]
Example
Surs. clavⓘ "key", Put. bagnⓘ "bath"
Notes
In stressed syllables
[ɐ] or [ə]
[ɐ] or [ə]
Orthography
[ɐ] or [ə]
IPA
Surs. casaⓘ "house", canzunⓘ "song", Put. chanzunⓘ "song", mellanⓘ "yellow"
Example
In unstressed syllables
⟨ai⟩
⟨ai⟩
Orthography
⟨ai⟩
IPA
[ai̯]
Example
Surs. zaiⓘ "tough", Put. naivⓘ "snow"
⟨au⟩
⟨au⟩
Orthography
⟨au⟩
IPA
[au̯]
Example
Surs. aurⓘ "gold", Vall. paurⓘ "farmer"
Notes
in most dialects
[ɛ]
[ɛ]
Orthography
[ɛ]
IPA
Put. maunⓘ "hand"
Example
in Putèr
⟨e⟩
⟨e⟩
Orthography
⟨e⟩
IPA
[ɛ]
Example
sur. levⓘ "light", Put. fnestraⓘ "window"
Notes
In stressed syllables
[e]
[e]
Orthography
[e]
IPA
sur. tegiaⓘ "hut", Put. allegraⓘ "greeting"
Example
In stressed syllables
[ə] or [ɐ]
[ə] or [ɐ]
Orthography
[ə] or [ɐ]
IPA
sur. mellenⓘ "yellow", Vall. cudeschⓘ "book"
Example
In unstressed syllables
⟨é⟩
⟨é⟩
Orthography
⟨é⟩
IPA
[e]
Example
Surs. pérⓘ "pear"
Notes
usually only words where [e] contrasts with [ɛ] are written with accents
⟨ê⟩
⟨ê⟩
Orthography
⟨ê⟩
IPA
Put. pêrⓘ "pair"
Example
usually only words where [e] contrasts with [ɛ] are written with accents
⟨è⟩
⟨è⟩
Orthography
⟨è⟩
IPA
[ɛ]
Example
Surs. pèrⓘ "pair"
⟨ei⟩
⟨ei⟩
Orthography
⟨ei⟩
IPA
[ɛi̯], [ai̯], or [ɔi̯]
Example
Surs. meisaⓘ "table", Put. meidiⓘ "doctor"
Notes
the exact pronunciation depends on the dialect
⟨eu⟩
⟨eu⟩
Orthography
⟨eu⟩
IPA
[ɛu̯]
Example
Surs. jeuⓘ "I", Vall. glieudⓘ "people"
⟨i⟩
⟨i⟩
Orthography
⟨i⟩
IPA
[i]
Example
Surs. tiⓘ "you", Put. tizcherⓘ "to start a fire"
Notes
But see above for ⟨gi⟩ and ⟨gli⟩
⟨ï⟩
⟨ï⟩
Orthography
⟨ï⟩
IPA
Put. gïunⓘ "double bass"
Example
marks that the vowel does not form a diphthong with the following vowel
⟨ia⟩
⟨ia⟩
Orthography
⟨ia⟩
IPA
[i̯a]
Example
Surs. fiastaⓘ "feast"
⟨ie⟩
⟨ie⟩
Orthography
⟨ie⟩
IPA
[ie̯]
Example
Surs. tschielⓘ "sky", Put. mielⓘ "honey"
⟨iu⟩
⟨iu⟩
Orthography
⟨iu⟩
IPA
[iu̯]
Example
Surs. ischiuⓘ "vinegar"
⟨iau⟩
⟨iau⟩
Orthography
⟨iau⟩
IPA
[i̯au̯]
Example
Surs. cumiauⓘ "parting"
⟨ieu⟩
⟨ieu⟩
Orthography
⟨ieu⟩
IPA
[i̯ɛu̯]
Example
Surs. jeuⓘ "I"
Notes
also written ⟨jeu⟩
⟨o⟩
⟨o⟩
Orthography
⟨o⟩
IPA
[ɔ]
Example
sur. combaⓘ "leg'", Put. pomⓘ "apple",
⟨ou⟩
⟨ou⟩
Orthography
⟨ou⟩
IPA
[ɔ]
Example
Put. voutaⓘ "time"
Notes
in Putèr
[o]
[o]
Orthography
[o]
IPA
Vall. roudaⓘ "wheel"
Example
in Vallader
[ou̯]
[ou̯]
Orthography
[ou̯]
IPA
sur. nous "we"
Example
in Surmiran
⟨u⟩
⟨u⟩
Orthography
⟨u⟩
IPA
[u]
Example
sur. luvrarⓘ "to work", Put. tudas-chⓘ "German"
Notes
depending on the word and dialect
[o], [ʊ]
[o], [ʊ]
Orthography
[o], [ʊ]
IPA
sur. cudischⓘ "book", Put. cudeschⓘ "book"
⟨ua⟩
⟨ua⟩
Orthography
⟨ua⟩
IPA
[u̯a]
Example
Surs. quaterⓘ "four", Put. aguagliölⓘ "nail"
⟨ue⟩
⟨ue⟩
Orthography
⟨ue⟩
IPA
[u̯ɛ]
Example
Surs. quenⓘ "bill"
⟨ui⟩
⟨ui⟩
Orthography
⟨ui⟩
IPA
[u̯i]
Example
Put. quintⓘ "bill"
⟨uo⟩
⟨uo⟩
Orthography
⟨uo⟩
IPA
[uɔ̯]
Example
Surs. buobⓘ "boy", Put. chamuotschⓘ "chamois"
⟨uai⟩
⟨uai⟩
Orthography
⟨uai⟩
IPA
[u̯ai̯]
Example
quai "this", Put. frequaint "frequently"
⟨uei⟩
⟨uei⟩
Orthography
⟨uei⟩
IPA
[u̯ɛi̯]
Example
Surs. queiⓘ "this"
⟨uau⟩
⟨uau⟩
Orthography
⟨uau⟩
IPA
[u̯au̯]
Example
Surs. uaulⓘ "forest"
⟨ö⟩
⟨ö⟩
Orthography
⟨ö⟩
IPA
[ø]
Example
Put. chaschölⓘ "cheese"
Notes
only in Putèr and Vallader
⟨ü⟩
⟨ü⟩
Orthography
⟨ü⟩
IPA
[y]
Example
Put. tüⓘ "you"
⟨üe⟩
⟨üe⟩
Orthography
⟨üe⟩
IPA
[yɛ̯]
Example
Put. spüertaⓘ "offer"
⟨y⟩
⟨y⟩
Orthography
⟨y⟩
IPA
(Depends on pronunciation in original language)
Example
Vall. hockeyⓘ "hockey"
Notes
Occurs only in foreign words
Orthography
IPA
Example
Notes
⟨a⟩
[a]
Surs. clavⓘ "key", Put. bagnⓘ "bath"
In stressed syllables
[ɐ] or [ə]
Surs. casaⓘ "house", canzunⓘ "song", Put. chanzunⓘ "song", mellanⓘ "yellow"
In unstressed syllables
⟨ai⟩
[ai̯]
Surs. zaiⓘ "tough", Put. naivⓘ "snow"
⟨au⟩
[au̯]
Surs. aurⓘ "gold", Vall. paurⓘ "farmer"
in most dialects
[ɛ]
Put. maunⓘ "hand"
in Putèr
⟨e⟩
[ɛ]
sur. levⓘ "light", Put. fnestraⓘ "window"
In stressed syllables
[e]
sur. tegiaⓘ "hut", Put. allegraⓘ "greeting"
In stressed syllables
[ə] or [ɐ]
sur. mellenⓘ "yellow", Vall. cudeschⓘ "book"
In unstressed syllables
⟨é⟩
[e]
Surs. pérⓘ "pear"
usually only words where [e] contrasts with [ɛ] are written with accents
⟨ê⟩
Put. pêrⓘ "pair"
usually only words where [e] contrasts with [ɛ] are written with accents
⟨è⟩
[ɛ]
Surs. pèrⓘ "pair"
⟨ei⟩
[ɛi̯], [ai̯], or [ɔi̯]
Surs. meisaⓘ "table", Put. meidiⓘ "doctor"
the exact pronunciation depends on the dialect
⟨eu⟩
[ɛu̯]
Surs. jeuⓘ "I", Vall. glieudⓘ "people"
⟨i⟩
[i]
Surs. tiⓘ "you", Put. tizcherⓘ "to start a fire"
But see above for ⟨gi⟩ and ⟨gli⟩
⟨ï⟩
Put. gïunⓘ "double bass"
marks that the vowel does not form a diphthong with the following vowel
⟨ia⟩
[i̯a]
Surs. fiastaⓘ "feast"
⟨ie⟩
[ie̯]
Surs. tschielⓘ "sky", Put. mielⓘ "honey"
⟨iu⟩
[iu̯]
Surs. ischiuⓘ "vinegar"
⟨iau⟩
[i̯au̯]
Surs. cumiauⓘ "parting"
⟨ieu⟩
[i̯ɛu̯]
Surs. jeuⓘ "I"
also written ⟨jeu⟩
⟨o⟩
[ɔ]
sur. combaⓘ "leg , Put. pomⓘ "apple",
⟨ou⟩
[ɔ]
Put. voutaⓘ "time"
in Putèr
[o]
Vall. roudaⓘ "wheel"
in Vallader
[ou̯]
sur. nous "we"
in Surmiran
⟨u⟩
[u]
sur. luvrarⓘ "to work", Put. tudas-chⓘ "German"
depending on the word and dialect
[o], [ʊ]
sur. cudischⓘ "book", Put. cudeschⓘ "book"
⟨ua⟩
[u̯a]
Surs. quaterⓘ "four", Put. aguagliölⓘ "nail"
⟨ue⟩
[u̯ɛ]
Surs. quenⓘ "bill"
⟨ui⟩
[u̯i]
Put. quintⓘ "bill"
⟨uo⟩
[uɔ̯]
Surs. buobⓘ "boy", Put. chamuotschⓘ "chamois"
⟨uai⟩
[u̯ai̯]
quai "this", Put. frequaint "frequently"
⟨uei⟩
[u̯ɛi̯]
Surs. queiⓘ "this"
⟨uau⟩
[u̯au̯]
Surs. uaulⓘ "forest"
⟨ö⟩
[ø]
Put. chaschölⓘ "cheese"
only in Putèr and Vallader
⟨ü⟩
[y]
Put. tüⓘ "you"
⟨üe⟩
[yɛ̯]
Put. spüertaⓘ "offer"
⟨y⟩
(Depends on pronunciation in original language)
Vall. hockeyⓘ "hockey"
Occurs only in foreign words
· Morphology
1st person
1st person
Col 1
1st person
sg.
jeu
pl.
nus
2nd person
2nd person
Col 1
2nd person
sg.
ti
pl.
vus
3rd person
3rd person
Col 1
3rd person
sg.
el/ella/ei(igl)
pl.
els/ellas/ei
sg.
pl.
1st person
jeu
nus
2nd person
ti
vus
3rd person
el/ella/ei(igl)
els/ellas/ei
· Morphology
Indicative present
Indicative present
Tense
Indicative present
Example
jeu sun da Trun
Translation
"I am from Trun"
Indicative perfect
Indicative perfect
Tense
Indicative perfect
Example
jeu sun staus en vacanzas
Translation
"I have been on vacation"
Imperfect
Imperfect
Tense
Imperfect
Example
da quei savevel jeu nuot
Translation
"I didn't know anything about that"
Future
Future
Tense
Future
Example
els vegnan a dir
Translation
"they will say"
Imperative
Imperative
Tense
Imperative
Example
cantei!
Translation
"sing!"
Conditional
Conditional
Tense
Conditional
Example
jeu durmess
Translation
"I would sleep"
Tense
Example
Translation
Indicative present
jeu sun da Trun
"I am from Trun"
Indicative perfect
jeu sun staus en vacanzas
"I have been on vacation"
Imperfect
da quei savevel jeu nuot
"I didn't know anything about that"
Future
els vegnan a dir
"they will say"
Imperative
cantei!
"sing!"
Conditional
jeu durmess
"I would sleep"

References

  1. Sursilvan: romontsch [ʁoˈmɔntʃ] ⓘVallader, Surmiran, and Rumantsch Grischun: rumantsch [rʊˈmantʃ] ⓘPutèr: rumauntsch [rʊ
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