Topzle Topzle

Roman Dacia

Updated: Wikipedia source

Roman Dacia

Roman Dacia ( DAY-shə; also known as Dacia Traiana (Latin for 'Trajan’s Dacia'); or Dacia Felix, lit. 'Fertile Dacia') was a province of the Roman Empire from 106 to 271–275 AD. Its territory consisted of what are now the regions of Oltenia, Transylvania and Banat (today all in Romania, except the last region which is split among Romania, Hungary, and Serbia). During Roman rule, it was organized as an imperial province on the borders of the empire. It is estimated that the population of Roman Dacia ranged from 650,000 to 1,200,000. It was conquered by Trajan (98–117) after two campaigns that devastated the Dacian Kingdom of Decebalus. However, the Romans did not occupy its entirety; Crișana, Maramureș, and most of Moldavia remained under the Free Dacians. After its integration into the empire, Roman Dacia saw frequent administrative reorganization. In 119 under Hadrian, it was divided into two departments: Dacia Superior ("Upper Dacia") and Dacia Inferior ("Lower Dacia"; later named Dacia Malvensis). Between 124 and around 158, Dacia Superior was divided into two provinces, Dacia Apulensis and Dacia Porolissensis. The three provinces would later be unified in 166 and be known as Tres Daciae ("Three Dacias") due to the ongoing Marcomannic Wars. New mines were opened and ore extraction intensified, while agriculture, stock breeding, and commerce flourished in the province. Roman Dacia was of great importance to the military stationed throughout the Balkans and became an urban province, with about ten cities known and all of them originating from old military camps. Eight of these held the highest rank of colonia. Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa was the financial, religious, and legislative center and where the imperial procurator (finance officer) had his seat, while Apulum was Roman Dacia's military center. From its creation, Roman Dacia suffered great political and military threats. The Free Dacians, allied with the Sarmatians, made constant raids in the province. These were followed by the Carpi (a Dacian tribe) and the newly arrived Germanic tribes (Goths, Taifali, Heruli, and Bastarnae) allied with them. All this made the province difficult for the Roman emperors to maintain, already being virtually lost during the reign of Gallienus (253–268). Aurelian (270–275) would formally relinquish Roman Dacia in 271 or 275 AD. He evacuated his troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and founded Dacia Aureliana with its capital at Serdica in Lower Moesia. The Romanized population still left was abandoned, and its fate after the Roman withdrawal is controversial. According to one theory, the Latin spoken in Dacia, mostly in modern Romania, became the Romanian language, making the Romanians descendants of the Daco-Romans (the Romanized population of Dacia). The opposing theory states that the origin of the Romanians actually lies on the Balkan Peninsula.

Infobox

Capital
Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
Historical era
Classical Antiquity
• Annexed by Trajan
106
• Withdrawal by Roman emperor Aurelian
271/275
Today part of
Romania Serbia

Tables

Legati Augusti pro praetore under Trajan[42] · Dacia under the Antonine and Severan emperors (106–235) › Establishment (106–117)
Julius Sabinus
Julius Sabinus
Name
Julius Sabinus
From
105
To
107/109
Decimus Terentius Scaurianus
Decimus Terentius Scaurianus
Name
Decimus Terentius Scaurianus
From
109
To
110/111
Gaius Avidius Nigrinus
Gaius Avidius Nigrinus
Name
Gaius Avidius Nigrinus
From
112
To
113
Quintus Baebius Macer
Quintus Baebius Macer
Name
Quintus Baebius Macer
From
114
To
114
Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus
Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus
Name
Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus
From
?
To
117
Name
From
To
Julius Sabinus
105
107/109
Decimus Terentius Scaurianus
109
110/111
Gaius Avidius Nigrinus
112
113
Quintus Baebius Macer
114
114
Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus
?
117
· Bibliography › Modern
Preceded byDacia
History of Romania
Succeeded byEarly Middle Ages

References

  1. Caracalla's activities in Dacia need to be placed within the verified dates in his progress to the east. On 11 August 21
  2. Oltean 2007, p. 50.
  3. Pop 1999, p. 14.
  4. Georgescu 1991, p. 4.
  5. Mócsy 1974, pp. 17–18.
  6. Oltean 2007, p. 43.
  7. Burns 2003, p. 195.
  8. Oltean 2007, p. 48.
  9. Schmitz 2005, p. 10.
  10. Bunson 2002, p. 165.
  11. Pârvan 1928, pp. 157–158.
  12. Oltean 2007, p. 52.
  13. Burns 2003, p. 183.
  14. Jones 1992, p. 138.
  15. Jones 1992, p. 192.
  16. Marko Popović (2011). Dragan Stanić (ed.). Српска енциклопедија, том 1, књига 2, Београд-Буштрање [Serbian Encyclopedia,
  17. Oltean 2007, p. 54.
  18. Pop 1999, p. 16.
  19. MacKendrick 2000, p. 74.
  20. Bennett 1997, p. 102.
  21. Pop 1999, p. 17.
  22. Bennett 1997, p. 103.
  23. Pliny the Younger & 109 AD, Book VIII, Letter 4.
  24. Festus & 379 AD, VIII.2.
  25. Gibbon 1816, p. 6.
  26. Bennett 1997, p. 104.
  27. Bennett 1997, p. 98.
  28. Bennett 1997, p. 105.
  29. A History of the Laws of War: Volume 2, The Customs and Laws of War with Regards to Civilians in Times of Conflict
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qIt6BAAAQBAJ
  30. Delphi Complete Works of Eutropius (Illustrated)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=f8e8DwAAQBAJ
  31. Journal of Roman Archaeology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MxYUAQAAMAAJ&q=kriton+dacia
  32. Georgescu 1991, p. 5.
  33. Oltean 2007, p. 57.
  34. Burns 2003, p. 103.
  35. Köpeczi 1994, p. 102.
  36. Georgescu 1991, p. 6.
  37. Ellis 1998, pp. 220–237.
  38. Parker 2010, p. 266.
  39. Wilkes 2000, p. 591.
  40. Köpeczi 1994, p. 92.
  41. Bennett 1997, p. 169.
  42. Köpeczi 1994, p. 63.
  43. Petolescu 2010, p. 170.
  44. Bury 1893, p. 490.
  45. Opper 2008, pp. 55, 67.
  46. Webster 1998, p. 65.
  47. Opper 2008, p. 67.
  48. Bury 1893, p. 499.
  49. Bury 1893, p. 493.
  50. MacKendrick 2000, p. 139.
  51. Bennett 1997, p. 167.
  52. Mócsy 1974b, p. 105.
  53. Oltean 2007, p. 55.
  54. Oltean 2007, p. 56.
  55. Köpeczi 1994, p. 68.
  56. Bury 1893, p. 500.
  57. MacKendrick 2000, p. 206.
  58. MacKendrick 2000, p. 127.
  59. Bunson 2002, p. 24.
  60. MacKendrick 2000, p. 152.
  61. MacKendrick 2000, p. 112.
  62. Grant 1996, p. 20.
  63. MacKendrick 2000, p. 114.
  64. Birley 2000, p. 132.
  65. Bury 1893, pp. 542–543.
  66. Birley 2000, p. 145.
  67. McLynn 2011, p. 324.
  68. Potter 1998, p. 274.
  69. Chapot 1997, p. 275.
  70. Köpeczi 1994, p. 87.
  71. Grant 1996, p. 35.
  72. Bury 1893, p. 543.
  73. Köpeczi 1994, p. 86.
  74. Oliva 1962, p. 275.
  75. Bury 1893, p. 544.
  76. Nemeth 2005, pp. 52–54.
  77. Birley 2000, p. 161.
  78. Birley 2000, p. 164.
  79. Bury 1893, p. 545.
  80. Birley 2000, p. 165.
  81. Birley 2000, p. 168.
  82. Birley 2000, p. 169.
  83. Birley 2000, p. 170.
  84. Grant 1996, p. 65.
  85. Cassius Dio & 200 AD, LXXII.
  86. Cary & Cassius Dio 1927, p. 17.
  87. Birley 2000, p. 21.
  88. McLynn 2011, pp. 331–332.
  89. Birley 2000, p. 175.
  90. McLynn 2011, p. 360.
  91. Birley 2000, p. 177.
  92. Thompson 2002, p. 13.
  93. Birley 2000, p. 183.
  94. Köpeczi 1994, p. 89.
  95. Mommsen 1999, p. 275.
  96. Birley 2000, pp. 206–207.
  97. Birley 2000, p. 206.
  98. Birley 2000, pp. 208–209.
  99. Bury 1893, pp. 548–549.
  100. Cassius Dio & 200 AD, LXXIII.
  101. Cary & Cassius Dio 1927, p. 77.
  102. MacKendrick 2000, p. 135.
  103. Historia Augusta & 395 AD, Commodus 13, 5.
  104. Köpeczi 1994, p. 91.
  105. MacKendrick 2000, p. 142.
  106. Oltean 2007, p. 222.
  107. Oltean 2007, p. 221.
  108. MacKendrick 2000, p. 153.
  109. Bunson 2002, p. 95.
  110. Campbell 2005, p. 18.
  111. Scott 2008, p. 26.
  112. Mócsy 1974, p. 199.
  113. Opreanu 2015, p. 17.
  114. Opreanu 2015, p. 18.
  115. Parker 2010, p. 223.
  116. Grumeza 2009, pp. 210–211.
  117. Opreanu 2015, pp. 18–19.
  118. Scott 2008, pp. 114–115.
  119. Cassius Dio & 200 AD, LXXIX.
  120. Cary & Cassius Dio 1927, p. 405.
  121. MacKendrick 2000, p. 133.
  122. Opreanu 2006, p. 74.
  123. Opreanu 2006, p. 78.
  124. Eutropius & 364 AD, VIII, 6, 2.
  125. Cassius Dio & 200 AD, LXVIII, 14, 4.
  126. Julian & 362 AD, XXVIII, 327.
  127. Vékony 2000, pp. 103–104.
  128. Vékony 2000, p. 106.
  129. Georgescu 1991, p. 7.
  130. Pop 1999, p. 22.
  131. Parker 1958, pp. 12–19.
  132. Oltean 2007, pp. 211–212.
  133. Oltean 2007, p. 212.
  134. Oltean 2007, p. 213.
  135. Köpeczi 1994, p. 113.
  136. Köpeczi 1994, p. 112.
  137. Vékony 2000, p. 110.
  138. Oltean 2007, p. 227.
  139. Nemeti 2006, pp. 93–95.
  140. Oltean 2009, p. 95.
  141. Dana & Matei-Popescu 2009, p. 244.
  142. Bunson 2002, p. 167.
  143. Stoicescu 1983, pp. 108–109.
  144. Giurescu 1971, p. 25.
  145. Goldsworthy 2003, p. 76.
  146. Vékony 2000, p. 109.
  147. Găzdac 2010, p. 59.
  148. Vékony 2000, p. 108.
  149. Andea 2006, p. 74.
  150. Dana & Matei-Popescu 2009, pp. 234–235.
  151. Erdkamp 2010, p. 442.
  152. Burns 1991, pp. 110–111.
  153. Pop 1999, p. 23.
  154. Köpeczi 1994, p. 106.
  155. Köpeczi 1994, p. 103.
  156. Köpeczi 1994, p. 104.
  157. Köpeczi 1994, p. 79.
  158. MacKendrick 2000, p. 107.
  159. MacKendrick 2000, p. 126.
  160. Katsari 2011, p. 69.
  161. Bury 1893, p. 429.
  162. Parker 2010, p. 238.
  163. Oltean 2007, p. 119.
  164. Oltean 2007, p. 174.
  165. Georgescu 1991, p. 8.
  166. Găzdac 2010, p. 30.
  167. MacKendrick 2000, p. 108.
  168. Pop 1999, p. 25.
  169. Oltean 2007, p. 165.
  170. Oltean 2007, p. 164.
  171. Oltean 2007, p. 170.
  172. Oltean 2007, p. 58.
  173. MacKendrick 2000, p. 130.
  174. MacKendrick 2000, pp. 131–132.
  175. Köpeczi 1994, p. 94.
  176. MacKendrick 2000, p. 132.
  177. MacKendrick 2000, p. 116.
  178. MacKendrick 2000, p. 245.
  179. MacKendrick 2000, p. 121.
  180. Oltean 2007, p. 150.
  181. Oltean 2007, p. 151.
  182. Oltean 2007, p. 152.
  183. Oltean 2007, p. 153.
  184. Oltean 2007, p. 155.
  185. Oltean 2007, p. 71.
  186. Oltean 2007, p. 144.
  187. Oltean 2007, p. 122.
  188. Commerce and the Economy: the First Growth Phase https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/15.html
    https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/15.html
  189. PROIECT Alba SA Zonal Urbanism Plan for Roșia Montană Industrial Area Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
    http://www.truestory.ro/plan_urbanistic/4729_m_puz_15062006_eng.pdf
  190. (1976) Dicționar de istorie veche a României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică p. 27
  191. Opreanu 2006, p. 85.
  192. Opreanu 2006, p. 84.
  193. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JArSR..53j4344D
  194. MacKendrick 2000, p. 187.
  195. Pop 1999, p. 26.
  196. Dorcey 1992, p. 1.
  197. Dorcey 1992, p. 78.
  198. MacKendrick 2000, p. 190.
  199. Köpeczi 1994, p. 115.
  200. Pârvan 1928, pp. 140–142.
  201. Oltean 2007, p. 193.
  202. Oltean 2007, p. 190.
  203. Köpeczi 1994, p. 116.
  204. MacKendrick 2000, p. 122.
  205. Parker 1958, p. 141.
  206. Mócsy 1974, p. 185.
  207. Mócsy 1974, p. 209.
  208. Southern & Dixon 1996, p. 11.
  209. Le Bohec 2000, p. 196.
  210. Heather 2010, p. 127.
  211. Köpeczi 1994, p. 44.
  212. Burns 1991, p. 26.
  213. Odahl 2004, p. 19.
  214. Vékony 2000, p. 120.
  215. Lactantius & 320 AD, Chapter IX.
  216. Oțetea 1970, p. 116.
  217. Wilkes 2005, p. 224.
  218. Köpeczi 1994, p. 118.
  219. Southern 2001, p. 75.
  220. Muşat & Ardeleanu 1985, p. 59.
  221. Burns 1991, p. 29.
  222. Lactantius & 320 AD, Chapter IV.
  223. de Blois 1976, pp. 33–34.
  224. Mócsy 1974, p. 205.
  225. Eutropius & 364 AD, IX, 15.
  226. Watson 1853, p. 521.
  227. Aurelius Victor & 361 AD, 33.3.
  228. Vékony 2000, p. 121.
  229. MacKendrick 2000, p. 115.
  230. Köpeczi 1994, p. 119.
  231. Southern 2001, p. 6.
  232. Bird 1994, p. 33.
  233. Webb 1927, p. 253.
  234. Southern 2001, pp. 225–226.
  235. MacKendrick 2000, p. 117.
  236. Southern 2001, pp. 120–121.
  237. Watson 2004, p. 156.
  238. Wilkes 2005, p. 239.
  239. Watson 2004, p. 157.
  240. Watson 2004, pp. 156–157.
  241. On the date of this reorganisation see Mitthof & Matei-Popescu 2023
  242. Williams 2000, p. 77.
  243. Williams 2000, p. 51.
  244. Moisil 2002, pp. 79–120.
  245. Burns 1991, p. 111.
  246. Nixon & Saylor Rodgers 1994, p. 116.
  247. Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 57.
  248. Lenski 2002, p. 122.
  249. Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 59.
  250. Lenski 2002, p. 120.
  251. Williams 2000, pp. 72–77.
  252. Williams 2000, pp. 76–77.
  253. Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 60.
  254. Southern 2001, p. 276.
  255. MacKendrick 2000, p. 165.
  256. Găzdac 2010, p. 66.
  257. Lenski 2002, p. 121.
  258. Odahl 2004, p. 233.
  259. Barnes 1981, p. 250.
  260. Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 61.
  261. Odahl 2004, pp. 228–229.
  262. Lenski 2002, p. 125.
  263. Lenski 2002, p. 127.
  264. Lenski 2002, p. 145.
  265. Lenski 2002, pp. 127–128.
  266. Lenski 2002, p. 129.
  267. Lenski 2002, p. 132.
  268. Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 72.
  269. Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, pp. 126–128.
  270. Pohl 2002, p. 154.
  271. Whitby 1998, p. 165.
  272. Whitby 1998, p. 184.
  273. Gibbon 1816, p. 331.
  274. Niebuhr 1849, p. 300.
  275. Georgescu 1991, p. 115.
  276. Georgescu 1991, p. 10.
  277. MacKendrick 2000, p. 163.
  278. MacKendrick 2000, p. 128.
  279. Köpeczi 1994, p. 125.
  280. Köpeczi 1994, p. 127.
  281. Köpeczi 1994, p. 144.
  282. Köpeczi 1994, p. 147.
  283. Vékony 2000, p. 144.
  284. Price 2000, pp. 120–121.
  285. Price 2000, p. 120.
  286. Pares et al. 1939, p. 149.
  287. Southern 2001, p. 325.
  288. Dragoș Moldovanu: Toponyms of Roman Origin in Transylvania and South-West Moldavia, pages 12-37
    http://alil.academiaromana-is.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Toponime-de-origine-roman%C4%83-%C3%AEn-Transilvania-%C5%9Fi-%C3%AEn-sud-vestul-Moldovei.pdf
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.