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Rodenticide

Updated: Wikipedia source

Rodenticide

Rodenticides are chemicals made and sold for the purpose of killing rodents. While commonly referred to as "rat poison", rodenticides are also used to kill mice, woodchucks, chipmunks, porcupines, nutria, beavers, and voles. Some rodenticides are lethal after one exposure while others require more than one. Rodents are disinclined to gorge on an unknown food (perhaps reflecting an adaptation to their inability to vomit), preferring to sample, wait and observe whether it makes them or other rats sick. This phenomenon of poison shyness is the rationale for poisons that kill only after multiple doses. Besides being directly toxic to the mammals that ingest them, including dogs, cats, and humans, many rodenticides present a secondary poisoning risk to animals that hunt or scavenge the dead corpses of rats.

Tables

· Classes of rodenticides › Anticoagulants
Coumarins/4-hydroxycoumarins
Coumarins/4-hydroxycoumarins
Class
Coumarins/4-hydroxycoumarins
Examples
First generation: warfarin, coumatetralyl Second generation: difenacoum, brodifacoum, flocoumafen and bromadiolone.
1,3-indandiones
1,3-indandiones
Class
1,3-indandiones
Examples
diphacinone, chlorophacinone, pindone These are harder to group by generation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers chlorophacinone and diphacinone as first generation agents. According to some sources, the indandiones are considered second generation.
4-thiochromenones
4-thiochromenones
Class
4-thiochromenones
Examples
Difethialone is the only member of this class of compounds. The EPA and California consider this to be an SGAR.
Indirect
Indirect
Class
Indirect
Examples
Sometimes, anticoagulant rodenticides are potentiated by an antibiotic or bacteriostatic agent, most commonly sulfaquinoxaline. The aim of this association is that the antibiotic suppresses intestinal symbiotic microflora, which are a source of vitamin K. Diminished production of vitamin K by the intestinal microflora contributes to the action of anticoagulants. Added vitamin D also has a synergistic effect with anticoagulants.
Class
Examples
Coumarins/4-hydroxycoumarins
First generation: warfarin, coumatetralyl Second generation: difenacoum, brodifacoum, flocoumafen and bromadiolone.
1,3-indandiones
diphacinone, chlorophacinone, pindone These are harder to group by generation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers chlorophacinone and diphacinone as first generation agents. According to some sources, the indandiones are considered second generation.
4-thiochromenones
Difethialone is the only member of this class of compounds. The EPA and California consider this to be an SGAR.
Indirect
Sometimes, anticoagulant rodenticides are potentiated by an antibiotic or bacteriostatic agent, most commonly sulfaquinoxaline. The aim of this association is that the antibiotic suppresses intestinal symbiotic microflora, which are a source of vitamin K. Diminished production of vitamin K by the intestinal microflora contributes to the action of anticoagulants. Added vitamin D also has a synergistic effect with anticoagulants.

References

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    https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a23_211
  2. "Rodenticides"
    http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/rodenticides.html#:~:text=Rodenticides%20are%20pesticides%20that%20kill,they%20may%20sometimes%20require%20control
  3. Vole Management in Fruit Orchards
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  4. Clinical and Translational Science
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703452
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    http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/rodenticides.html
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    https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/registration/reevaluation/chemicals/sgars.htm
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    https://downloads.regulations.gov/EPA-HQ-OPP-2023-0567-0004/content.pdf
  14. "Final Risk Mitigation Decision for Ten Rodenticides | Pesticides | US EPA"
    https://archive.today/20120805165604/http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/rodenticides/finalriskdecision.htm
  15. "LONG ACTING ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES"
    http://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/1995/rodent.shtml
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    https://web.archive.org/web/20081229061000/http://www.vet.uga.edu/VPP/clerk/Harrell/index.php
  17. Indian J. Exp. Biol
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15266918
  18. npic.orst.edu
    http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/rodenticides.html
  19. CHOLECALCIFEROL: A UNIQUE TOXICANT FOR RODENT CONTROL
    https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc11/22/
  20. Efficacy of Cholecalciferol Baits for Pocket Gopher Control and Possible Effects on Non-Target Rodents in Pacific Northwest Forests
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120914083512/http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/39036/PDF
  21. "Merck Veterinary Manual - Cholecalciferol"
    https://www.msdvetmanual.com/toxicology/rodenticide-poisoning/cholecalciferol
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  23. "IFI Claims Patent Services (Google)"
    https://patents.google.com/patent/US8574638
  24. "Rodenticide manufacturer defies EPA, requests hearing on anticoagulant use"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140112024319/http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/Rodenticide-manufacturer-defies-EPA-requests-heari/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/809906
  25. National Audubon Society
    http://www.audubonmagazine.org/articles/conservation/poisons-used-kill-rodents-have-safer-alternatives
  26. Rodent Control Pesticide Safety Review
    https://www.epa.gov/rodenticides/rodent-control-pesticide-safety-review
  27. "NZ Government: Campbell Island conservation sanctuary rat free"
    https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/campbell-island-conservation-sanctuary-rat-free
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  30. "Island which spent £600,000 getting rid of rats over-run with rabbits"
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/wildlife/7634896/Island-which-spent-600000-getting-rid-of-rats-over-run-with-rabbits.html
  31. "South Georgia declared rodent-free"
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  32. "The history of rat control in Alberta"
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