| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1998–2000 | Upright Citizens Brigade | Various | 6 episodes |
| 2002–2006 | The Daily Show | Correspondent | 249 episodes |
| 2004 | O'Grady | The Bob | Voice; Episode: "Vacation" |
| 2005 | Sunday Pants | Gordon the Devil (voice) | "Weighty Decisions" segments |
| 2005–2017 | American Dad! | Various voices | 3 episodes |
| 2006 | Curb Your Enthusiasm | Rick Leftowitz | Episode: "The Seder" |
| 2006 | Arrested Development | Moses Taylor | 2 episodes |
| 2007 | MADtv | Johnny | 1 episode |
| The Winner | Glen Abbott | 6 episodes |
| 2008–2016 | Childrens Hospital | Dr. Blake Downs, Cutter Spindell, Rory Spindell | 77 episodes; also creator, director, writer and executive producer |
| 2008 | The Mighty B! | Doctor, Vet | Voices; Episode: "Bee Patient" |
| 2009 | Party Down | Gary | Episode: "Brandix Corporate Retreat" |
| Law & Order | Jim Leary | Episode: "Human Flesh Search Engine" |
| 2010–2014 | Community | Alan Connor | 3 episodes |
| 2011 | Little in Common | Dennis Weller | Pilot |
| Running Wilde | Jack Gray | Episode: "Jack's Back" |
| Glenn Martin, DDS | Randy | Voice; Episode: "Videogame Wizard" |
| The Life & Times of Tim | Sausage Salesman (voice) | Voice; Episode: "The Sausage Salesman" |
| 2012 | Family Guy | Ben Jennings | Voice; Episode: "Livin' on a Prayer" |
| 2012–2013 | Happy Endings | Lon "The Car Czar" Sarofsky | 3 episodes |
| 2012 | NTSF:SD:SUV:: | Agent Coyote Daniels | Episode: "Robot Town" |
| 2012–2013 | Ben and Kate | Buddy | 3 episodes |
| 2013 | Spy | Tim | Pilot |
| Burning Love | Lorenzo Blimperson | Episode: "Puppet Show" |
| 2013–2015 | Newsreaders | — | Co-creator, writer and executive producer |
| 2014 | Trophy Wife | Sensei Rick | Episode: "Foxed Lunch" |
| Hawaii Five-0 | Tony Gibson | Episode: "Ho'i Hou" |
| Robot Chicken | Various Voices | 2 episodes |
| Comedy Bang! Bang! | Himself | Episode: "Rob Corddry Wears Tan Dress Shoes & Red Socks" |
| 2015–2019 | Ballers | Joe Krutel | Series regular; 47 episodes |
| 2016 | Teachers | Sam | Episode: "Hall of Shame" |
| Animals | Earring | Voice; Episode: "Rats." |
| Workaholics | Eric | Episode: "The Nuttin' Professor" |
| 2016–2018 | Speechless | Billy DiMeo | 3 episodes |
| 2016 | Mr. Neighbor's House | — | Television special; executive producer |
| 2017–2018 | Drunk History | George Washington, Joseph A. Califano Jr. | 2 episodes |
| 2017–2024 | Last Week Tonight with John Oliver | Various | 4 episodes |
| 2017 | Do You Want to See a Dead Body? | Himself | Episode: "A Body and a Mean Dog" |
| 2018 | Wrecked | Episode: "Ballers" |
| 2019 | Ryan Hansen Solves Crimes on Television | Episode: "For Your Inconsideration" |
| American Princess | Bacon | Episode: "Down There" |
| What Just Happened??! with Fred Savage | Himself | Episode: "Family" |
| Bajillion Dollar Propertie$ | Inspector Suggs | Episode: "Good Todd Hunting" |
| 2019–2021 | The Unicorn | Forrest | Series regular |
| 2020 | Medical Police | Blake Downs | 2 episodes; also creator, writer, executive producer |
| Dummy | Phil Goldman | Episode: "Passive Protagonist" |
| 2020–2021 | Crossing Swords | The Old King | Voice; 5 episodes |
| 2021–2022 | Top Gear America | Himself / Host | 21 episodes |
| 2022 | Physical | Gary | Episode: "Don't You Go Far" |