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Rhodesia

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Rhodesia

Rhodesia ( roh-DEE-zhə, roh-DEE-shə; Shona: Rodizha), officially the Republic of Rhodesia from 1970, was an unrecognised country in Southern Africa that existed from 1965 to 1979. Rhodesia served as the de facto successor state to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia following a unilateral declaration of independence issued by the ruling white-minority government. Throughout this fourteen-year period, Rhodesia faced internal conflict and political unrest. Following the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979, the territory returned to British political control and then subsequently gained internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe in 1980. The rapid decolonisation of Africa in the late 1950s and early 1960s alarmed a significant proportion of Southern Rhodesia's white population. In an effort to delay the transition to black majority rule, the predominantly white Southern Rhodesian government issued its own Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. The new nation, identified simply as Rhodesia, initially sought recognition as an autonomous realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, but reconstituted itself as a republic in 1970. Following the declaration of independence in 1965, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution that called upon all states not to grant recognition to Rhodesia. Two African nationalist parties, the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), launched an armed insurgency against the government upon UDI, sparking the Rhodesian Bush War. Growing war weariness, diplomatic pressure, and an extensive trade embargo imposed by the United Nations prompted Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith to concede to majority rule in 1978. However, elections and a multiracial provisional government, with Smith succeeded by moderate Abel Muzorewa, failed to appease international critics or halt the war. By December 1979, Muzorewa had secured an agreement with ZAPU and ZANU, allowing Rhodesia to briefly revert to colonial status pending new elections under British supervision. ZANU secured an electoral victory in 1980, and the country achieved internationally recognised independence in April 1980, as Zimbabwe. A landlocked nation, Rhodesia was bordered by Botswana (Bechuanaland: British protectorate until 1966) to the southwest, Mozambique (Portuguese province until 1975) to the east, South Africa to the south, and Zambia (Northern Rhodesia until 1964) to the northwest. From 1965 to 1979, Rhodesia was one of two independent states on the African continent governed by a white minority of European descent and culture, the other being South Africa. Rhodesia's largest cities were Salisbury (its capital city, now known as Harare) and Bulawayo. Prior to 1970, the unicameral Legislative Assembly was predominantly white, with a small number of seats reserved for black representatives. Following the declaration of a republic in 1970, this was replaced by a bicameral Parliament, with a House of Assembly and a Senate. The bicameral system was retained in Zimbabwe after 1980. Aside from its racial franchise, Rhodesia observed a Westminster system inherited from the United Kingdom, with a president acting as ceremonial head of state, while a prime minister headed the Cabinet as head of government.

Infobox

Status
Unrecognized state
Capitaland largest city
Salisbury
Official languages
English (de facto)
Other languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li ShonaNdebele
Ethnic groups (1969)
mw- 93.09% Black 6.49% White 0.47% Coloured/Asian
Demonym
Rhodesian
Government
Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (1965–1970)Parliamentary republic (1970–1979)
• 1965–1970
Elizabeth II
• 1970–1975
Clifford Dupont
• 1975–1976
Henry Everard (acting)
• 1976–1978
John Wrathall
• 1978
Henry Everard (acting)
• 1978–1979
Jack Pithey (acting)
• 1979
Henry Everard (acting)
• 1965–1979
Ian Smith
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Assembly
Historical era
Cold War and decolonisation of Africa
• Declared
11 November 1965
• Republic
2 March 1970
• Internal Settlement
3 March 1978
• Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1 June 1979
• Total
390,580 km2 (150,800 sq mi)
• 1978 census
6,930,000
Currency
Rhodesian pound(1964–1970)Rhodesian dollar(1970–1980)
Time zone
UTC 2 (CAT)
ISO 3166 code
RH
Today part of
Zimbabwe

Tables

· Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Manicaland
Manicaland
Province
Manicaland
Capital
Umtali
North Mashonaland
North Mashonaland
Province
North Mashonaland
Capital
Salisbury
South Mashonaland
South Mashonaland
Province
South Mashonaland
Capital
Salisbury
Victoria
Victoria
Province
Victoria
Capital
Fort Victoria
North Matabeleland
North Matabeleland
Province
North Matabeleland
Capital
Bulawayo
South Matabeleland
South Matabeleland
Province
South Matabeleland
Capital
Bulawayo
Midlands
Midlands
Province
Midlands
Capital
Gwelo
Province
Capital
Manicaland
Umtali
North Mashonaland
Salisbury
South Mashonaland
Salisbury
Victoria
Fort Victoria
North Matabeleland
Bulawayo
South Matabeleland
Bulawayo
Midlands
Gwelo
Numbers of white and black inhabitants before and during the Central African Federation[137] · Demographics › Population
White
White
Year
White
Southern Rhodesia
Black
Southern Rhodesia
White
Northern Rhodesia
Black
Northern Rhodesia
White
Nyasaland
Black
Nyasaland
White
Total
Black
1927
1927
Year
1927
Southern Rhodesia
38,200 (3.98%)
Southern Rhodesia
922,000 (96.02%)
Northern Rhodesia
4,000 (0.4%)
Northern Rhodesia
1,000,000 (99.6%)
Nyasaland
1,700 (0.13%)
Nyasaland
1,350,000 (99.87%)
Total
43,900 (1.32%)
Total
3,272,000 (98.68%)
1946
1946
Year
1946
Southern Rhodesia
80,500 (4.79%)
Southern Rhodesia
1,600,000 (95.21%)
Northern Rhodesia
21,919 (1.32%)
Northern Rhodesia
1,634,980 (97.68%)
Nyasaland
2,300 (0.10%)
Nyasaland
2,340,000 (99.90%)
Total
104,719 (1.84%)
Total
5,574,980 (98.16%)
1955
1955
Year
1955
Southern Rhodesia
150,000 (5.88%)
Southern Rhodesia
2,400,000 (94.12%)
Northern Rhodesia
65,000 (3.02%)
Northern Rhodesia
2,085,000 (96.98%)
Nyasaland
6,300 (0.25%)
Nyasaland
2,550,000 (99.75%)
Total
221,300 (3.05%)
Total
7,035,000 (96.95%)
1960
1960
Year
1960
Southern Rhodesia
223,000 (7.30%)
Southern Rhodesia
2,830,000 (92.70%)
Northern Rhodesia
76,000 (3.14%)
Northern Rhodesia
2,340,000 (96.85%)
Nyasaland
9,300 (0.33%)
Nyasaland
2,810,000 (99.66%)
Total
308,300 (3.72%)
Total
7,980,000 (96.28%)
Year
Southern Rhodesia
Northern Rhodesia
Nyasaland
Total
White
Black
White
Black
White
Black
White
Black
1927
38,200 (3.98%)
922,000 (96.02%)
4,000 (0.4%)
1,000,000 (99.6%)
1,700 (0.13%)
1,350,000 (99.87%)
43,900 (1.32%)
3,272,000 (98.68%)
1946
80,500 (4.79%)
1,600,000 (95.21%)
21,919 (1.32%)
1,634,980 (97.68%)
2,300 (0.10%)
2,340,000 (99.90%)
104,719 (1.84%)
5,574,980 (98.16%)
1955
150,000 (5.88%)
2,400,000 (94.12%)
65,000 (3.02%)
2,085,000 (96.98%)
6,300 (0.25%)
2,550,000 (99.75%)
221,300 (3.05%)
7,035,000 (96.95%)
1960
223,000 (7.30%)
2,830,000 (92.70%)
76,000 (3.14%)
2,340,000 (96.85%)
9,300 (0.33%)
2,810,000 (99.66%)
308,300 (3.72%)
7,980,000 (96.28%)
Population of White, Black, Asian and Coloured inhabitants of Southern Rhodesia, 1911–1969[135] · Demographics › Population
1911
1911
Year
1911
White
23,606 (3.06%)
Black (Est.)
744,559 (96.56%)
Asiatic & Coloured
2,912 (0.38%)
Total Population (Est.)
771,077
1921
1921
Year
1921
White
33,620 (3.73%)
Black (Est.)
862,319 (95.90%)
Asiatic & Coloured
3,248 (0.36%)
Total Population (Est.)
899,187
1931
1931
Year
1931
White
49,910 (4.42%)
Black (Est.)
1,076,000 (95.22%)
Asiatic & Coloured
4,102 (0.36%)
Total Population (Est.)
1,130,000
1941
1941
Year
1941
White
68,954 (4.66%)
Black (Est.)
1,404,000 (94.93%)
Asiatic & Coloured
6,521 (0.44%)
Total Population (Est.)
1,479,000
1951
1951
Year
1951
White
135,596 (5.84%)
Black (Est.)
2,170,000 (93.53%)
Asiatic & Coloured
10,283 (0.44%)
Total Population (Est.)
2,320,000
1961
1961
Year
1961
White
221,504 (5.74%)
Black (Est.)
3,618,150 (93.80%)
Asiatic & Coloured
17,812 (0.46%)
Total Population (Est.)
3,857,466
1969
1969
Year
1969
White
258,580 (5.08%)
Black (Est.)
4,840,000 (95.09%)
Asiatic & Coloured
23,870 (0.47%)
Total Population (Est.)
5,090,000
Year
White
Black (Est.)
Asiatic & Coloured
Total Population (Est.)
1911
23,606 (3.06%)
744,559 (96.56%)
2,912 (0.38%)
771,077
1921
33,620 (3.73%)
862,319 (95.90%)
3,248 (0.36%)
899,187
1931
49,910 (4.42%)
1,076,000 (95.22%)
4,102 (0.36%)
1,130,000
1941
68,954 (4.66%)
1,404,000 (94.93%)
6,521 (0.44%)
1,479,000
1951
135,596 (5.84%)
2,170,000 (93.53%)
10,283 (0.44%)
2,320,000
1961
221,504 (5.74%)
3,618,150 (93.80%)
17,812 (0.46%)
3,857,466
1969
258,580 (5.08%)
4,840,000 (95.09%)
23,870 (0.47%)
5,090,000
White Rhodesian vital statistics, 1963–1969[135] · Demographics › Population
1963
1963
Year
1963
Births
4,457
Deaths
1,449
Marriages
2,008
Immigrants
5,093
1964
1964
Year
1964
Births
4,017
Deaths
1,306
Marriages
2,046
Immigrants
7,000
1965
1965
Year
1965
Births
3,863
Deaths
1,369
Marriages
2,071
Immigrants
11,128
1966
1966
Year
1966
Births
3,782
Deaths
1,460
Marriages
2,035
Immigrants
6,418
1967
1967
Year
1967
Births
4,031
Deaths
1,512
Marriages
Immigrants
9,618
1968
1968
Year
1968
Births
4,004
Deaths
1,646
Marriages
Immigrants
11,864
1969
1969
Year
1969
Births
4,089
Deaths
1,633
Marriages
Immigrants
10,929
Year
Births
Deaths
Marriages
Immigrants
1963
4,457
1,449
2,008
5,093
1964
4,017
1,306
2,046
7,000
1965
3,863
1,369
2,071
11,128
1966
3,782
1,460
2,035
6,418
1967
4,031
1,512
9,618
1968
4,004
1,646
11,864
1969
4,089
1,633
10,929
Population of the main urban areas in 1969[135] · Demographics › Population
Salisbury
Salisbury
City
Salisbury
White
96,420 (25.07%)
Black
280,090 (72.84%)
Other
8,020 (2.09%)
Total
384,530
Bulawayo
Bulawayo
City
Bulawayo
White
50,090 (20.40%)
Black
187,590 (76.38%)
Other
7,910 (3.22%)
Total
245,590
Umtali
Umtali
City
Umtali
White
8,340 (17.93%)
Black
36,220 (77.88%)
Other
1,950 (4.20%)
Total
46,510
Gwelo
Gwelo
City
Gwelo
White
8,390 (18.23%)
Black
36,880 (80.12%)
Other
760 (1.65%)
Total
46,030
Que Que
Que Que
City
Que Que
White
3,160 (9.62%)
Black
29,250 (89.01%)
Other
450 (1.37%)
Total
32,860
Gatooma
Gatooma
City
Gatooma
White
1,880 (8.97%)
Black
18,770 (89.55%)
Other
310 (1.48%)
Total
20,960
Wankie
Wankie
City
Wankie
White
2,160 (10.72%)
Black
17,980 (89.28%)
Other
Total
20,140
Shabani
Shabani
City
Shabani
White
1,560 (9.87%)
Black
14,170 (89.63%)
Other
80 (0.51%)
Total
15,810
Fort Victoria
Fort Victoria
City
Fort Victoria
White
2,530 (22.29%)
Black
8,470 (74.63%)
Other
350 (3.08%)
Total
11,350
City
White
Black
Other
Total
Salisbury
96,420 (25.07%)
280,090 (72.84%)
8,020 (2.09%)
384,530
Bulawayo
50,090 (20.40%)
187,590 (76.38%)
7,910 (3.22%)
245,590
Umtali
8,340 (17.93%)
36,220 (77.88%)
1,950 (4.20%)
46,510
Gwelo
8,390 (18.23%)
36,880 (80.12%)
760 (1.65%)
46,030
Que Que
3,160 (9.62%)
29,250 (89.01%)
450 (1.37%)
32,860
Gatooma
1,880 (8.97%)
18,770 (89.55%)
310 (1.48%)
20,960
Wankie
2,160 (10.72%)
17,980 (89.28%)
20,140
Shabani
1,560 (9.87%)
14,170 (89.63%)
80 (0.51%)
15,810
Fort Victoria
2,530 (22.29%)
8,470 (74.63%)
350 (3.08%)
11,350

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