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Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States

Updated: Wikipedia source

Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States

Various laws in the United States regulate the use of mobile phones and other electronics by motorists. Different states take different approaches. Some laws affect only novice drivers or commercial drivers, while some laws affect all drivers. Some laws target handheld devices only, while other laws affect both handheld and handsfree devices.

Tables

Cell phone restrictions while driving in the US and territories[5] · Laws by state
Alabama
Alabama
State
Alabama
Total handheld device ban applied to:
16 and under, and 17 w/ temporary license or if licensed under six months (primary violation)
Texting & internet access
texting prohibited (primary)
Alaska
Alaska
State
Alaska
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Comment
No restrictions on cell phone use
Arizona
Arizona
State
Arizona
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
texting prohibited
Comment
Emergency and law enforcement personnel, licensed radio operators, and operators using two-way or private land mobile radios for work-related duties are exempt from this rule. Also, using a device to report illegal activities or emergencies, or devices affixed to the vehicle for work purposes, is allowed.
Arkansas
Arkansas
State
Arkansas
Total handheld device ban applied to:
18–20 years old (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (secondary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Texting & internet access
texting prohibited (primary)
Comment
Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones (secondary violation).
California
California
State
California
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (secondary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited (primary)
Texting & internet access
texting prohibited
Colorado
Colorado
State
Colorado
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner's permit or under 18 (primary violation)
Texting & internet access
totally prohibited (primary)
Connecticut
Connecticut
State
Connecticut
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Delaware
Delaware
State
Delaware
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Florida
Florida
State
Florida
Total handheld device ban applied to:
School zones and active construction zones(primary)
Texting & internet access
Allowed only while stopped at a red light. Otherwise prohibited. (Primary)
Comment
Hands free earpieces can only be used in one ear.
Georgia
Georgia
State
Georgia
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All drivers (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
driver totally prohibited unless used for routing communication
Texting & internet access
driver totally prohibited, includes video
Comment
driver allowed to use hands free devices (specific ones) and voice to text with hands free devices and allowed to use permanently-mounted GPS; drivers are allowed to make emergency calls and report hazardous road conditions. Commercial vehicle drivers have limited use directly related to their work (GPS or routing communication) effective date 1 July 2018.
Guam
Guam
State
Guam
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Hawaii
Hawaii
State
Hawaii
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Comment
Statewide law entered into force July 2013; all counties had existing bans on cell phone use. Drivers 18 and older may use hands-free devices.
Idaho
Idaho
State
Idaho
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Illinois
Illinois
State
Illinois
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
any driver under 19 (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Comment
Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones or within 500 feet of an emergency scene (primary violation).
Indiana
Indiana
State
Indiana
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Comment
A driver may not hold or handle their cell phone at any time while driving. Handsfree calls are permitted. Phone or other device may be used for navigation. However, handling phone to initiate call or navigation must be done before entering roadway. No touching/handling cell phone while driving/on-roadway is permitted, including while stopped at traffic signals.
Iowa
Iowa
State
Iowa
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on restricted or intermediate license (primary violation)
Texting & internet access
totally prohibited (primary)
Comment
July 1, 2017 updated the texting law to be enforced as a primary reason an officer can stop a driver. "Texting" is defined as: texting, internet browsing, playing games, and reading social media applications. If proven a driver was "texting" during a traffic fatality, it is deemed a Class C felony, and the driver can be put into prison for up to 10 years.
Kansas
Kansas
State
Kansas
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
Kentucky
Kentucky
State
Kentucky
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Louisiana
Louisiana
State
Louisiana
Total handheld device ban applied to:
Prohibited in school zones
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
Texting & internet access
totally prohibited
Comment
Effective since June 13, 2016.
Maine
Maine
State
Maine
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
Under age of 18 or with a learner's permit or licensed for 270 days or less
Comment
except for GPS or navigation uses
Maryland
Maryland
State
Maryland
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 w/ restricted learner or intermediate license
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
State
Massachusetts
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation) as of February 2020
Texting & internet access
totally prohibited
Comment
Until February 2020, handheld cell phone use was allowed as long as one hand was on the wheel at all times. Since February 2020, law allows one tap to activate voice communication, and use of navigational touch screens are allowed if mounted on windshield or dashboard.
Michigan
Michigan
State
Michigan
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation) as of January 2022
Texting & internet access
totally prohibited
Minnesota
Minnesota
State
Minnesota
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation) as of 08/01/2019
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 w/ learner or provisional license (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Mississippi
Mississippi
State
Mississippi
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Missouri
Missouri
State
Missouri
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All
Comment
Effective August 28, 2023, cell phone use while driving is prohibited to all ages. Starting January 1, 2025, law enforcement began issuing citations. Penalty schedule: 1st offense - $150 fine. 2nd offense within 24 months - $250 fine. 3rd offense within 24 months - $500 fine.
Montana
Montana
State
Montana
Nebraska
Nebraska
State
Nebraska
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 w/ learner or intermediate license (secondary violation)
Nevada
Nevada
State
Nevada
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
State
New Hampshire
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Comment
Penalty Schedule: 1st Offense - $100 Fine 2nd Offense - $250 Fine. 3rd Offense - $500 Fine, and a 2-year suspension of drivers license.
New Jersey
New Jersey
State
New Jersey
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on permit or provisional license (primary violation).
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Comment
see Kyleigh's Law
New Mexico
New Mexico
State
New Mexico
Total handheld device ban applied to:
Local Option by Jurisdiction
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner or provisional license (primary violation)
New York
New York
State
New York
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
North Carolina
North Carolina
State
North Carolina
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
Under 18 (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Comment
texting prohibited (Primary) Internet access okay
North Dakota
North Dakota
State
North Dakota
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
Under 18 (primary violation)
Ohio
Ohio
State
Ohio
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
All use beyond "one swipe" rules (since April 4, 2023) (primary violation)
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
State
Oklahoma
Total handheld device ban applied to:
Learner or intermediate license holder (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Texting & internet access
Texting/E-mail prohibited (primary)
Comment
See "Trooper Nicholas Dees and Trooper Keith Burch Act of 2015" (HB 1965)
Oregon
Oregon
State
Oregon
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (primary violation)
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
State
Pennsylvania
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
All (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Texting & internet access
Totally prohibited (as of June 5, 2025)
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
State
Puerto Rico
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Texting & internet access
Texting prohibited
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
State
Rhode Island
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation) 06/01/2018
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Texting & internet access
Texting prohibited
South Carolina
South Carolina
State
South Carolina
Bus driver use restriction(s)
Totally prohibited, but officers must ascertain that a driver is texting rather than using the phone for another purpose.
Texting & internet access
Texting prohibited
Comment
Authorities can impose fines and track "distractions" on accident reports under Contributing Factors.
South Dakota
South Dakota
State
South Dakota
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner or intermediate license (secondary violation)
Texting & internet access
Texting prohibited
Tennessee
Tennessee
State
Tennessee
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Texting & internet access
texting prohibited
Texas
Texas
State
Texas
Total handheld device ban applied to:
Driving through school zones
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Texting & internet access
texting prohibited
Comment
Texting is allowed: To report a crime, fire, traffic accident, or medical emergency. To Activate music, make calls, or use navigation apps via hands-free technology. To interact with their devices when the vehicle is stopped
Utah
Utah
State
Utah
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (primary violation)
Comment
Regulated under distracted driving laws.
Vermont
Vermont
State
Vermont
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 (primary violation)
Texting & internet access
totally prohibited (primary)
Comment
GPS use of cell phone is allowed if the cell phone is securely mounted and not in the driver's hand First offense shall be subject to a fine of $100 - $200 Second and subsequent offenses shall be subject to a fine of $250 - $500 if within a 2-year period
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands
State
Virgin Islands
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Virginia
Virginia
State
Virginia
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
all
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Texting & internet access
totally prohibited
Comment
Effective January 1, 2021, all handheld use of a phone is prohibited. Exceptions allowed for when lawfully parked or stopped, emergency vehicles, reporting an emergency, using the radio, and traffic incident management workers.
Washington
Washington
State
Washington
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
Texting & internet access
Texting prohibited
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
State
Washington, D.C.
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner permit (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
totally prohibited
Texting & internet access
totally prohibited
West Virginia
West Virginia
State
West Virginia
Total handheld device ban applied to:
All (primary violation)
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
under 18 w/ learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
State
Wisconsin
Total handheld device ban applied to:
Driving through construction zones
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
Bus driver use restriction(s)
Texting prohibited
Texting & internet access
Texting prohibited
Comment
Any activity appearing to interfere with driving prohibited
Wyoming
Wyoming
State
Wyoming
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
State
Total handheld device ban applied to:
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
Bus driver use restriction(s)
Texting & internet access
Comment
Alabama
16 and under, and 17 w/ temporary license or if licensed under six months (primary violation)
texting prohibited (primary)
Alaska
totally prohibited
No restrictions on cell phone use
Arizona
All (primary violation)
texting prohibited
Emergency and law enforcement personnel, licensed radio operators, and operators using two-way or private land mobile radios for work-related duties are exempt from this rule. Also, using a device to report illegal activities or emergencies, or devices affixed to the vehicle for work purposes, is allowed.
Arkansas
18–20 years old (primary violation)
under 18 (secondary violation)
totally prohibited
texting prohibited (primary)
Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones (secondary violation).
California
All (primary violation)
under 18 (secondary violation)
totally prohibited (primary)
texting prohibited
Colorado
on learner's permit or under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited (primary)
Connecticut
All (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Delaware
All (primary violation)
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Florida
School zones and active construction zones(primary)
Allowed only while stopped at a red light. Otherwise prohibited. (Primary)
Hands free earpieces can only be used in one ear.
Georgia
All drivers (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation)
driver totally prohibited unless used for routing communication
driver totally prohibited, includes video
driver allowed to use hands free devices (specific ones) and voice to text with hands free devices and allowed to use permanently-mounted GPS; drivers are allowed to make emergency calls and report hazardous road conditions. Commercial vehicle drivers have limited use directly related to their work (GPS or routing communication) effective date 1 July 2018.
Guam
All (primary violation)
Hawaii
All (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Statewide law entered into force July 2013; all counties had existing bans on cell phone use. Drivers 18 and older may use hands-free devices.
Idaho
All (primary violation)
Illinois
All (primary violation)
any driver under 19 (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones or within 500 feet of an emergency scene (primary violation).
Indiana
All (primary violation)
A driver may not hold or handle their cell phone at any time while driving. Handsfree calls are permitted. Phone or other device may be used for navigation. However, handling phone to initiate call or navigation must be done before entering roadway. No touching/handling cell phone while driving/on-roadway is permitted, including while stopped at traffic signals.
Iowa
on restricted or intermediate license (primary violation)
totally prohibited (primary)
July 1, 2017 updated the texting law to be enforced as a primary reason an officer can stop a driver. "Texting" is defined as: texting, internet browsing, playing games, and reading social media applications. If proven a driver was "texting" during a traffic fatality, it is deemed a Class C felony, and the driver can be put into prison for up to 10 years.
Kansas
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
Kentucky
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Louisiana
Prohibited in school zones
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Effective since June 13, 2016.
Maine
All (primary violation)
Under age of 18 or with a learner's permit or licensed for 270 days or less
except for GPS or navigation uses
Maryland
All (primary violation)
under 18 w/ restricted learner or intermediate license
Massachusetts
All (primary violation) as of February 2020
totally prohibited
Until February 2020, handheld cell phone use was allowed as long as one hand was on the wheel at all times. Since February 2020, law allows one tap to activate voice communication, and use of navigational touch screens are allowed if mounted on windshield or dashboard.
Michigan
All (primary violation) as of January 2022
totally prohibited
Minnesota
All (primary violation) as of 08/01/2019
under 18 w/ learner or provisional license (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Mississippi
totally prohibited
Missouri
All
Effective August 28, 2023, cell phone use while driving is prohibited to all ages. Starting January 1, 2025, law enforcement began issuing citations. Penalty schedule: 1st offense - $150 fine. 2nd offense within 24 months - $250 fine. 3rd offense within 24 months - $500 fine.
Montana
Nebraska
under 18 w/ learner or intermediate license (secondary violation)
Nevada
All (primary violation)
New Hampshire
All (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Penalty Schedule: 1st Offense - $100 Fine 2nd Offense - $250 Fine. 3rd Offense - $500 Fine, and a 2-year suspension of drivers license.
New Jersey
All (primary violation)
on permit or provisional license (primary violation).
totally prohibited
see Kyleigh's Law
New Mexico
Local Option by Jurisdiction
on learner or provisional license (primary violation)
New York
All (primary violation)
North Carolina
Under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited
texting prohibited (Primary) Internet access okay
North Dakota
Under 18 (primary violation)
Ohio
All use beyond "one swipe" rules (since April 4, 2023) (primary violation)
Oklahoma
Learner or intermediate license holder (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Texting/E-mail prohibited (primary)
See "Trooper Nicholas Dees and Trooper Keith Burch Act of 2015" (HB 1965)
Oregon
All (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation)
Pennsylvania
All (primary violation)
All (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Totally prohibited (as of June 5, 2025)
Puerto Rico
All (primary violation)
Texting prohibited
Rhode Island
All (primary violation) 06/01/2018
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited
Texting prohibited
South Carolina
Totally prohibited, but officers must ascertain that a driver is texting rather than using the phone for another purpose.
Texting prohibited
Authorities can impose fines and track "distractions" on accident reports under Contributing Factors.
South Dakota
on learner or intermediate license (secondary violation)
Texting prohibited
Tennessee
All (primary violation)
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)
totally prohibited
texting prohibited
Texas
Driving through school zones
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited
texting prohibited
Texting is allowed: To report a crime, fire, traffic accident, or medical emergency. To Activate music, make calls, or use navigation apps via hands-free technology. To interact with their devices when the vehicle is stopped
Utah
under 18 (primary violation)
Regulated under distracted driving laws.
Vermont
All (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited (primary)
GPS use of cell phone is allowed if the cell phone is securely mounted and not in the driver's hand First offense shall be subject to a fine of $100 - $200 Second and subsequent offenses shall be subject to a fine of $250 - $500 if within a 2-year period
Virgin Islands
All (primary violation)
Virginia
All (primary violation)
all
totally prohibited
totally prohibited
Effective January 1, 2021, all handheld use of a phone is prohibited. Exceptions allowed for when lawfully parked or stopped, emergency vehicles, reporting an emergency, using the radio, and traffic incident management workers.

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