-
Grover Cleveland (who was both the 22nd and 24th president) and Donald Trump (who was both the 45th and 47th president)
-
WHHA
https://web.archive.org/web/20201005154700/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/st-johns-church -
The Religious Life of Thomas Jefferson
https://books.google.com/books?id=BMzIavSRNdEC&q=%22thomas+jefferson%22+infidel&pg=PA83 -
Ostling, Richard N.
https://web.archive.org/web/20070403073905/http://www3.sympatico.ca/n.rieck/docs/lincoln9911.html -
"Abraham Lincoln's Humanistic Religious Beliefs"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070125080745/http://www.humanismbyjoe.com/Lincoln%27s_religion.htm -
New York Times
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/06/17/104733263.pdf -
Pew Research Center
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/25/most-americans-dont-see-trump-as-religious/ -
The Living Room Candidate
http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1980/bible -
Pew Research Center
https://www.pewresearch.org/?post_type=rls -
Colonial Williamsburg website has four articles on religion in colonial Virginia
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/religion/religionhdr.cfm -
James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion
https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ufqRJuwy8C&q=deathbed%20conversion%20james%20k%20polk&pg=PA183 -
Library of Congress
https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-buchanan-and-harriet-lane-johnston-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/ -
"Religious Affiliation of U.S. Presidents"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070509172459/http://www.adherents.com/adh_presidents.html -
In 1962, the American Unitarian Association merged with the Universalist Church of America to form the Unitarian Univers
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Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Waterhouse (June 22, 1822) in the National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-18-02-0437 -
Weekly Standard: Bigoted Against Brigham's Faith?
https://www.npr.org/2011/11/04/142014074/weekly-standard-no-bigotry-for-brigham-followers -
Bassuk, Daniel. (1987). "Abraham Lincoln and the Quakers". Pendle Hill Quaker Center for Study and Contemplation.
-
"A Guide to Historical Holdings in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library: Eisenhower and Religion"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080216064507/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/GUIDES/Eisenhower_and_religion.pdf -
Worship the Only True God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2002, p. 159.
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NPR
https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/12/413654984/americas-religious-nones-are-growing-quickly-should-republicans-worry -
"History – St. John's Church"
https://stjohns-dc.org/welcome-to-saint-johns-church/history/ -
"Timeline"
https://cathedral.org/history/timeline/ -
Debating Democracy: A Reader in American Politics
https://books.google.com/books?id=nxzv-T0FSGwC&pg=PAPA149 -
adherents.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20140703192126/http://www.adherents.com/people/pg/Ulysses_Grant.html -
adherents.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20140703180512/http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Rutherford_B_Hayes.html -
There are no Quaker denominations as such to be compared with, for example, the United Methodist Church or the Evangelic
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"American President: Barack Obama"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama -
America Magazine
https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2020/10/24/trump-confirmed-presbyterian-now-identifies-non-denominational -
adherents.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20140703181341/http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/George_Washington.html -
"American President: John Adams"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090116044740/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/adams -
"Religion and the Founding of the American Republic: Religion and the Federal Government"
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel06.html -
"Unitarianism in America"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120317030457/http://phxut.us/sl/Misc/Unitarianism%20in%20America--George%20Willis%20Cooke.pdf -
"The Roots of Our Belief"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120326014421/http://dynamicchristianministries.org/Publications/Articles/Web1--The%20Roots%20of%20Our%20Beliefs.pdf -
"Darlington Congregational Church: Our History"
http://darlingtoncongregationalchurch.com/id3.html -
"John Adams"
https://web.archive.org/web/20021231060305/http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnadams.html -
founders.archives.gov
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-5678 -
adherents.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20140703180914/http://www.adherents.com/people/pj/Thomas_Jefferson.html -
"American President: Thomas Jefferson"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090203213512/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jefferson -
The Journal of Education
http://www.jstor.org/stable/42832983 -
Sworn of the Altar of God: A Religious Biography of Thomas Jefferson
https://books.google.com/books?id=jZsvTcwV2wwC&q=Sworn+of+the+Altar+of+God%3AA+Religious+Biography+of+Thomas+Jefferson -
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
http://www.jstor.org/stable/42973187 -
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
http://www.jstor.org/stable/42972179 -
"Thomas Jefferson"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070515181139/http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/thomasjefferson.html -
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Rush"
http://www.beliefnet.com/resourcelib/docs/133/Letter_from_Thomas_Jefferson_to_Benjamin_Rush_1.html -
"Thomas Jefferson to John Adams"
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-06-02-0351 -
"American President: James Madison"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090124034433/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/madison -
"James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards"
https://www.loc.gov/loc/madison/hutson-paper.html -
Virginia Quarterly Review
https://web.archive.org/web/20131024133335/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2003/autumn/holmes-religion-james-monroe/ -
"American President: John Quincy Adams: Family Life"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080502231827/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jqadams/essays/biography/7 -
"John Quincy Adams"
https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062127/http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnquincyadams.html -
"American President: Andrew Jackson"
http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jackson -
Andrew Jackson
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"American President: Martin Van Buren"
https://web.archive.org/web/20081112011915/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/vanburen -
"Martin Van Buren"
http://www.kinderhookconnection.com/history4.htm -
Chicago Tribune
https://web.archive.org/web/20121025025017/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/blotter/chi-presidents-photogallery%2C0%2C6466822.photogallery?index=chi080213vanburen_image -
Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb
https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-bJV4eCWkC&dq=van+buren+Reformed+Dutch+Church&pg=PA33 -
"American President: William Henry Harrison"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080308193532/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/harrison -
Encyclopedia Americana
https://web.archive.org/web/20080421232812/http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0194730-00 -
"American President: John Tyler"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080410164556/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler -
And Tyler too: A Biography of John and Julia Gardiner Tyler
https://archive.org/details/andtylertooabiog011320mbp -
"American President: James Knox Polk: Family Life"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080502185319/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/polk/essays/biography/7 -
"Religion of James Polk, U.S. President"
https://web.archive.org/web/20051119121215/http://www.adherents.com/people/pp/James_Polk.html -
James K Polk
https://archive.org/details/jameskpolk0000seig -
"The Religious Affiliation of 12th U.S. President Zachary Taylor"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060215123215/http://www.adherents.com/people/pt/Zachary_Taylor.html -
"American President: Millard Fillmore"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080420045752/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/fillmore -
Pew Research Center
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/20/almost-all-presidents-have-been-christians/ -
"American President: James Buchanan"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080302015623/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/buchanan -
James Buchanan
https://books.google.com/books?id=KoTpWjUsP1sC -
Six Historic Americans: Abraham Lincoln John E. Remsburg, 1906
http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/john_remsburg/six_historic_americans/chapter_5.html -
White House Funeral Sermon for President Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Online
http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/gurley.htm -
"American President: Andrew Johnson"
https://web.archive.org/web/20081105015912/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/johnson -
"American President: Andrew Johnson: Family Life"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080719170314/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/johnson/essays/biography/7 -
"American Presidency Project: Ulysses S. Grant: Seventh Annual Message"
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29516#axzz1mFuQBObu -
Rutherford B. Hayes
-
"Frequently asked questions"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080207113352/http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/visitors/display.asp?id=366&subj=visitors -
The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States
https://web.archive.org/web/20120429023213/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/hayes/index.cfm -
Churches of Christ
https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/jtbrown/coc/COC1306.HTM -
Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine, and the Murder of a President
https://books.google.com/books?id=bRFQ74gYlPAC&q=sermon -
"American President: Chester Alan Arthur"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090603102135/http://millercenter.org/index.php/academic/americanpresident/arthur -
"Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur"
https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/ellen-lewis-herndon-arthur/ -
whitehouse.gov
https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/gc2224.html -
"The Religious Affiliation of Benjamin Harrison 23rd U.S. President"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060302075327/http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Benjamin_Harrison_pres.html -
"American President: William McKinley"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080302015709/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/mckinley -
"President William McKinley: A Life in Brief"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080310002849/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/mckinley/essays/biography/1 -
The Christian Advocate
https://books.google.com/books?id=TXE73VWcsEEC&q=mckinley+rusling+christianize+philippines&pg=PA22 -
Legends, Lies, and Cherished Myths of American History
https://books.google.com/books?id=c_l00V8qQGUC&q=Legends,+Lies,+and+Cherished+Myths+of+American+History -
The Spanish–American War and President McKinley
https://books.google.com/books?id=U1saAQAAIAAJ&q=The+Spanish-American+War+and+President+McKinley -
"1900 Thanksgiving Proclamation"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120207213902/http://www.pilgrimhall.org/ThanxProc1900.htm -
"The Religion of Theodore Roosevelt"
https://web.archive.org/web/20071012131645/http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/Religion.htm -
An Autobiography
http://www.bartleby.com/55/1.html -
"William Howard Taft"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070515181453/http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/williamhowardtaft.html -
Taft, Holmes, and the 1920s Court: An Appraisal
https://books.google.com/books?id=y4b6z1zJFoQC&pg=PA24 -
Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush
https://books.google.com/books?id=svFtpYz78OsC&pg=PA159 -
"American President:Warren G. Harding"
http://millercenter.org/president/harding -
"Trinity Baptist Church – Marion, Ohio: History And Development"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080218001234/http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf -
"The Pilgrim's Faith: Coolidge and Religion"
https://www.coolidgefoundation.org/blog/the-pilgrims-faith-coolidge-and-religion/ -
Fox News
https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/calvin-coolidges-faith-was-the-secret-to-his-success -
"The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Herbert Hoover"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060207183201/http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Herbert_Hoover.html -
"Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080212055957/http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/factsandfirsts/index.htm -
"U.S. Swearing-in Ceremonies Highlight Religious Freedom Legacy: Constitutionally, religion is not a qualification for office"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080213042206/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/January/20070104165847mlenuhret0.8249933.html -
Washington Post
https://archive.today/20150428191134/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/232639042.html?dids=232639042:232639042&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Feb+27,+1929&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1877%E2%80%931954)&edition=&startpage=5 -
"The Religious Affiliation of 32nd U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060215123303/http://www.adherents.com/people/pr/Franklin_D_Roosevelt.html -
"The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Harry S. Truman"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060220035405/http://www.adherents.com/people/pt/Harry_S_Truman.html -
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, & World Affairs
https://web.archive.org/web/20141113013906/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/harry-s-truman -
"The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President John F. Kennedy"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060207154741/http://www.adherents.com/people/pk/John_F_Kennedy.html -
"The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060211084814/http://www.adherents.com/people/pj/Lyndon_Johnson.html -
"American President: Richard Nixon"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120312065347/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/nixon -
"Gerald R. Ford – Facts and Favorites"
https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/grffacts.asp -
"Jimmy Carter splits with Baptists"
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/982650.stm -
Gallup
https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/472772/jimmy-carter-challenge-identifying-evangelicals.aspx -
ABC News
https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=95311&page=1 -
CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/19/us/jimmy-carter-church-sunday/index.html -
Carla Hinton, Ex-president Jimmy Carter works to unite all Baptists, oklahoman.com, US, July 25, 2009
https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/2009/07/25/ex-president-jimmy-carter-works-to-unite-all-baptists/61381494007/ -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/01/21/carter-clinton-seek-to-bring-together-moderate-baptists-span-classbankheadexiles-from-conservative-group-targetedspan/2044354e-264d-4577-8120-03d491375775/ -
"Ronald Reagan Facts"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190933/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/lc/reagan_facts.asp -
"CNN Special: Ronald Reagan 1911–2004"
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/reagan/stories/bio.part.one/index.html -
"Timeline of Ronald Reagan's Life"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080103033623/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reagan/timeline/ -
Religion and the American Presidency
https://books.google.com/books?id=-fngihqV2wkC&q=reagan+inconvenience+people&pg=PA177 -
"The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President George H. W. Bush"
https://web.archive.org/web/20051230024755/http://www.adherents.com/people/pb/George_HW_Bush.html -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2018/12/01/george-hw-bush-helped-push-gop-towards-evangelicalism -
"The Religious Affiliation of President William Jefferson Clinton"
https://web.archive.org/web/20051119130421/http://www.adherents.com/people/pc/Bill_Clinton.html -
The Christian Science Monitor
https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1220/p01s02-uspo.html -
Washington Post
https://archive.today/20120524192032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A24634-2004Sep15?language=printer -
NBC News
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6014570 -
"Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html -
www.gallup.com – many Americans can't name Obama's Religion
http://www.gallup.com/poll/155315/many-americans-cant-name-obamas-religion.aspx -
Time
https://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1949879,00.html -
Chicago Tribune
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070325obama-islam-story-archive,0,3358809.story -
The News Journal
https://web.archive.org/web/20130601093036/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1742751081.html?FMT=ABS -
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-biden-church-photo-idUSKBN2AC1Y5/ -
Slate
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/02/joe-biden-catholic-social-teaching-centrism.html -
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
https://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/15/the-religious-affiliations-of-us-presidents/
