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Regency of Algiers

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Regency of Algiers

The Regency of Algiers was an early modern semi-independent Ottoman province and nominal vassal state on the Barbary Coast of North Africa from 1516 to 1830. Founded by the privateer brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Reis (also known as the Barbarossa brothers), the Regency succeeded the Kingdom of Tlemcen as a formidable base that waged maritime holy war (Jihad) on European Christian powers. It was ruled by elected regents under a stratocracy led by Janissaries and corsairs. Despite its pirate reputation in Europe, Algiers maintained long-standing diplomatic ties with European states and was a recognized Mediterranean power. The Regency emerged in the 16th-century Ottoman–Habsburg wars. As self-proclaimed ghazis gaining popular support and legitimacy from the religious leaders at the expense of hostile local emirs, the Barbarossa brothers and their successors carved a unique corsair state that drew revenue and political power from its naval warfare against Habsburg Spain. In the 17th century, when the wars between Spain and the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of England and Dutch Republic ended, Barbary corsairs started capturing merchant ships and their crews and goods from these states. When the Ottomans could not prevent these attacks, European powers negotiated directly with Algiers and also took military action against it. This policy would emancipate Algiers from the Ottomans. The Regency held significant naval power in the 16th and 17th centuries and well into the end of the Napoleonic wars despite European naval superiority. Its institutionalised privateering dealt substantial damage to European shipping, took captives for ransom, plundered booty, hijacked ships and eventually demanded regular tribute payments. In the rich and bustling city of Algiers, the Barbary slave trade reached an apex. The Regency also expanded its hold in the interior by allowing a large degree of autonomy to the tribal communities. After the janissary coup of 1659, the Regency became a sovereign military republic, and its rulers were thenceforth elected by the council known as the diwan rather than appointed by the Ottoman sultan previously. Despite wars over territory with Spain and the Maghrebi states in the 18th century, Mediterranean trade and diplomatic relations with European states expanded, as wheat exports secured Algerian revenues after privateering decline. Bureaucratisation efforts stabilized the Regency's government, allowing into office regents such as Mohammed ben-Osman, who maintained Algerian prestige thanks to his public and defensive works. Increased Algerian privateering and demands for tribute started the Barbary Wars at the beginning of the 19th century, when Algiers was decisively defeated for the first time. Internal central authority weakened in Algiers due to political intrigue, failed harvests and the decline of privateering. Violent tribal revolts followed, mainly led by maraboutic orders such as the Darqawis and Tijanis. In 1830, France took advantage of this domestic turmoil to invade. The resulting French conquest of Algeria led to colonial rule until 1962.

Infobox

Status
De jure province and vassal state (eyalet) of the Ottoman EmpireDe facto independent since mid-17th century
Capital
Algiers
Official languages
Ottoman Turkish and Arabic (since 1671)
Common languages
Algerian ArabicBerberSabir (used in trade)
Religion
Official, and majority:Sunni Islam (Maliki and Hanafi)Minorities:Ibadi IslamJudaismChristianity
Demonyms
Algerian or Algerine (obs.)
Government
Stratocracy1516–1519: Sultanate1519–1659: Pashalik1659 (de facto in 1626)–1830: Military republic
• 1516–1518
Aruj Barbarossa
• 1710–1718
Baba Ali Chaouch
• 1766–1791
Baba Mohammed ben-Osman
• 1818–1830
Hussein Dey
Legislature
Divan of Algiers
• Upper house
Diwân khass
• Lower house
Diwân âm
Historical era
Early modern period
• Spanish conquest of Oran
1509
• Capture of Algiers
1516
• Ottoman–Habsburg wars
1521–1791
• Algiers expedition
1541
• Algerian-Sherifian conflicts
1550–1795
• Golden Age of the Barbary slave trade
1580–1640
• Turkish abductions
1627
• Janissary Revolution
1659
• Franco-Algerian war
1681–1688
• Maghrebi war
1699–1702
• Spanish–Algerian war
1775–1785
• Barbary Wars
1785–1816
• Invasion of Algiers
1830
• 1830
2,500,000–3,000,000
Currency
Mahboub (Sultani)budjuaspre
Today part of
Algeria

Tables

Royalties: Late 18th century to early 19th century · Economy › Royalties
Spanish Empire
Spanish Empire
Country
Spanish Empire
Year
1785–1807
Value
After signing the armistice of 1785 and withdrawing from Oran, was required to pay 18,000 francs. It paid 48,000 dollars in 1807.
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Country
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Year
1823
Value
Before 1823, 25,000 doubles (Tuscan lira) or 250,000 francs.
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Portugal
Country
Kingdom of Portugal
Year
1822
Value
20,000 francs
Kingdom of Sardinia
Kingdom of Sardinia
Country
Kingdom of Sardinia
Year
1746– 1822
Value
Under the treaty of 1746, 216,000 francs by 1822.
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of France
Country
Kingdom of France
Year
1790– 1816
Value
Before 1790, it paid 37,000 livres. After 1790, it pledged to pay 27,000 piastres, or 108,000 francs, and in 1816 committed to pay 200,000 francs.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Country
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Year
1807
Value
It pledged to pay 100,000 piastres, or 267,500 francs, in exchange for certain privileges.
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Country
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Year
1807–1826
Value
In the treaty of 1826, it committed to paying 10,000 Algerian sequins, and in 1807, it paid 40,000 piastres, or 160,000 francs.
Austrian Empire
Austrian Empire
Country
Austrian Empire
Year
1807
Value
In 1807, paid an estimated 200,000 francs.
United States
United States
Country
United States
Year
1795–1822
Value
In 1795 paid 1,000,000 dollars annually, and $10 million over 12 years, in exchange for special privileges. Equipment accounted for 21,600 dollars.
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Naples
Country
Kingdom of Naples
Year
1816–1822
Value
Paid royalties estimated at 24,000 francs. Starting 1822, paid a royalty of 12,000 francs every two years.
Kingdom of Norway
Kingdom of Norway
Country
Kingdom of Norway
Year
1822
Value
Royalty of 12,000 francs every two years.
Denmark
Denmark
Country
Denmark
Year
1822
Value
Paid 180,000 francs every two years.
Kingdom of Sweden
Kingdom of Sweden
Country
Kingdom of Sweden
Year
1822
Value
120,000 francs every two years.
Republic of Venice
Republic of Venice
Country
Republic of Venice
Year
1747–1763
Value
From 1747, it paid 2,200 gold coins annually, which in 1763 became an estimated 50,000 riyals (Venetian lira).
Country
Year
Value
Spanish Empire
1785–1807
After signing the armistice of 1785 and withdrawing from Oran, was required to pay 18,000 francs. It paid 48,000 dollars in 1807.
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1823
Before 1823, 25,000 doubles (Tuscan lira) or 250,000 francs.
Kingdom of Portugal
1822
20,000 francs
Kingdom of Sardinia
1746– 1822
Under the treaty of 1746, 216,000 francs by 1822.
Kingdom of France
1790– 1816
Before 1790, it paid 37,000 livres. After 1790, it pledged to pay 27,000 piastres, or 108,000 francs, and in 1816 committed to pay 200,000 francs.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1807
It pledged to pay 100,000 piastres, or 267,500 francs, in exchange for certain privileges.
Kingdom of the Netherlands
1807–1826
In the treaty of 1826, it committed to paying 10,000 Algerian sequins, and in 1807, it paid 40,000 piastres, or 160,000 francs.
Austrian Empire
1807
In 1807, paid an estimated 200,000 francs.
United States
1795–1822
In 1795 paid 1,000,000 dollars annually, and $10 million over 12 years, in exchange for special privileges. Equipment accounted for 21,600 dollars.
Kingdom of Naples
1816–1822
Paid royalties estimated at 24,000 francs. Starting 1822, paid a royalty of 12,000 francs every two years.
Kingdom of Norway
1822
Royalty of 12,000 francs every two years.
Denmark
1822
Paid 180,000 francs every two years.
Kingdom of Sweden
1822
120,000 francs every two years.
Republic of Venice
1747–1763
From 1747, it paid 2,200 gold coins annually, which in 1763 became an estimated 50,000 riyals (Venetian lira).

References

  1. According to American consul James Leander Cathcart: "The gate (of the Dey's palace) is covered with a terrace which is
  2. According to Flag Bulletin: "One Dey, however, at least had a coat of arms: these still survive sculptured on the wall o
  3. Other names: Arabic: دولة الجزائر, romanized: Dawlat al-Jaza'ir, Ottoman Turkish: ایالت جزایر غرب, romanized: Eyalet-i C
  4. Algerian historian Mahfoud Kaddache (fr) wrote that "Algeria was first a regency, a kingdom-province of the Ottoman Empi
    https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfoud_Kaddache
  5. According to Merouche "It is first of all a new state integrated into a large empire, an "Imperial state", having at the
  6. Ottoman Algerian dignitary Hamdan Khodja recalls: "The old officials who had completed their work were always repeating
  7. William Spencer notes: "For three centuries, Algerine foreign relations were conducted in such a manner as to preserve a
  8. Ottoman Algerian Sipahi Cavalry was usually composed of retired aghas of the janissary corps or recruited from native po
  9. The Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles complained in a memoir in 1783: "Everything announces that this trade will one day
  10. William Spencer writes: "Algiers' status in the Mediterranean world was merited by its contributions as well as the expl
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