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Recession

Updated: 12/11/2025, 2:23:57 PM Wikipedia source

In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a period of broad decline in economic activity. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending (an adverse demand shock). This may be triggered by various events, such as a financial crisis, an external trade shock, an adverse supply shock, the bursting of an economic bubble, or a large-scale anthropogenic or natural disaster (e.g. a pandemic). There is no official definition of a recession, according to the International Monetary Fund. In the United States, a recession is defined as "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the market, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales." The European Union has adopted a similar definition. In the United Kingdom and Canada, a recession is defined as negative economic growth for two consecutive quarters. Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies, such as increasing money supply and decreasing interest rates or increasing government spending and decreasing taxation.

Tables

Table: Stable Economy -> Front End Of A Recession (Deterioration) -> Critical Point (Strong Recession) · Attributes › Front end of a recession
Average to Strong Growth
Average to Strong Growth
Normal Economy
Average to Strong Growth
Early Warning Signs / Front End Indicators
Slowing Growth
Recession Threshold / Severe Downturn
No Growth
Average to High Confidence
Average to High Confidence
Normal Economy
Average to High Confidence
Early Warning Signs / Front End Indicators
Declining Confidence / Increased Uncertainty
Recession Threshold / Severe Downturn
Low Confidence / High Uncertainty
Average to High Business Investment
Average to High Business Investment
Normal Economy
Average to High Business Investment
Early Warning Signs / Front End Indicators
Falling Business Investment
Recession Threshold / Severe Downturn
No Business Investment
Low to Average Unemployment
Low to Average Unemployment
Normal Economy
Low to Average Unemployment
Early Warning Signs / Front End Indicators
Growing Unemployment
Recession Threshold / Severe Downturn
High Unemployment
Stable to Growing Home Prices
Stable to Growing Home Prices
Normal Economy
Stable to Growing Home Prices
Early Warning Signs / Front End Indicators
Falling Home Prices
Recession Threshold / Severe Downturn
Low Home Prices
Stable to Low Food Prices
Stable to Low Food Prices
Normal Economy
Stable to Low Food Prices
Early Warning Signs / Front End Indicators
Growing Food Prices
Recession Threshold / Severe Downturn
High Food Prices
Low Corporate & Household Debt
Low Corporate & Household Debt
Normal Economy
Low Corporate & Household Debt
Early Warning Signs / Front End Indicators
Growing Corporate & Household Debt
Recession Threshold / Severe Downturn
High Corporate & Household Debt
Stable to High Consumer Spending
Stable to High Consumer Spending
Normal Economy
Stable to High Consumer Spending
Early Warning Signs / Front End Indicators
Decreasing Consumer Spending
Recession Threshold / Severe Downturn
Low Consumer Spending
Normal Economy
Early Warning Signs / Front End Indicators
Recession Threshold / Severe Downturn
Average to Strong Growth
Slowing Growth
No Growth
Average to High Confidence
Declining Confidence / Increased Uncertainty
Low Confidence / High Uncertainty
Average to High Business Investment
Falling Business Investment
No Business Investment
Low to Average Unemployment
Growing Unemployment
High Unemployment
Stable to Growing Home Prices
Falling Home Prices
Low Home Prices
Stable to Low Food Prices
Growing Food Prices
High Food Prices
Low Corporate & Household Debt
Growing Corporate & Household Debt
High Corporate & Household Debt
Stable to High Consumer Spending
Decreasing Consumer Spending
Low Consumer Spending

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