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Ralph Northam

Updated: Wikipedia source

Ralph Northam

Ralph Shearer Northam (born September 13, 1959) is an American physician and former politician who served as the 73rd governor of Virginia from 2018 to 2022. A pediatric neurologist by occupation, he was an officer in the U.S. Army Medical Corps from 1984 to 1992. Northam, a member of the Democratic Party, served as the 40th lieutenant governor of Virginia from 2014 to 2018 before winning the governorship against the Republican nominee Ed Gillespie in the 2017 election. Prohibited by the Virginia Constitution from running for a consecutive term, Northam left office in January 2022 and was succeeded by the Republican Glenn Youngkin. As governor, Northam's most notable accomplishments included expanding Medicaid coverage as allowed under the Affordable Care Act, abolishing the death penalty, legalizing marijuana, and raising the minimum wage. Northam also led the state during the COVID-19 pandemic, where he was the only governor in the United States who was a licensed doctor. Most of the accomplishments of his tenure were overshadowed by the 2019 Virginia political crisis, when it was revealed in early 2019 that he had appeared either in blackface, or in a Ku Klux Klan uniform in one of several racially-charged entries published in his college yearbooks. Despite the scandal and pleas from black leaders to resign, Northam refused to do so and enjoyed wide popularity amongst Virginia voters through the rest of his term in office. Northam's concurrent political "rebirth" was celebrated in the mainstream media. Northam is currently a neurologist at the Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters in Norfolk, VA where his clinical interests are epilepsy and neuromuscular disorders.

Infobox

Lieutenant
Justin Fairfax
Preceded by
Nick Rerras
Succeeded by
Lynwood Lewis
Governor
Terry McAuliffe
Born
Ralph Shearer Northam (1959-09-13) September 13, 1959 (age 66)Nassawadox, Virginia, U.S.
Political party
Democratic
Spouse
mw- Pamela Thomas (m. 1986)
Children
2
Education
Virginia Military Institute (BS)Eastern Virginia Medical School (MD)
Allegiance
United States
Branch/service
United States Army
Years of service
1984–1992
Rank
Major
Unit
Army Medical Corps
Party
Democratic

Tables

Virginia State Senate 6th district election, 2007[613] · Electoral history
Majority
Majority
Party
Majority
Party
2,808
Candidate
8.8%
Votes
−14.7
Total votes
Total votes
Party
Total votes
Party
31,851
Candidate
100.0%
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
mw- ±%
Democratic
Ralph Northam
17,307
54.3%
+16.1
Republican
Nick Rerras
14,499
45.5%
−16.2
Write-ins
45
0.1%
+0.1
Majority
2,808
8.8%
−14.7
Total votes
31,851
100.0%
Virginia State Senate 6th district election, 2011[614] · Electoral history
Majority
Majority
Party
Majority
Party
3,984
Candidate
13.6%
Votes
+4.8
Total votes
Total votes
Party
Total votes
Party
29,259
Candidate
100.0%
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Democratic
Ralph Northam
16,606
56.8%
+2.4
Republican
Benito Loyola Jr.
12,622
43.1%
−3.4
Write-ins
31
0.1%
<−0.1
Majority
3,984
13.6%
+4.8
Total votes
29,259
100.0%
Virginia Lieutenant Governor Democratic primary, 2013[615] · Electoral history
Majority
Majority
Party
Majority
Party
12,096
Candidate
8.4%
Total votes
Total votes
Party
Total votes
Party
144,856
Candidate
100.0%
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ralph Northam
78,476
54.2%
Democratic
Aneesh Chopra
66,380
45.8%
Majority
12,096
8.4%
Total votes
144,856
100.0%
Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2013[616] · Electoral history
Majority
Majority
Party
Majority
Party
232,898
Candidate
10.6%
Total votes
Total votes
Party
Total votes
Party
2,200,884
Candidate
100.0%
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Democratic
Ralph Northam
1,213,155
55.1%
+11.7
Republican
E. W. Jackson
980,257
44.5%
−12.0
Write-ins
7,472
0.3%
+0.3
Majority
232,898
10.6%
Total votes
2,200,884
100.0%
Virginia Governor Democratic primary election, 2017[617] · Electoral history
Majority
Majority
Party
Majority
Party
64,183
Candidate
11.8%
Total votes
Total votes
Party
Total votes
Party
542,615
Candidate
100.0%
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ralph Northam
303,399
55.9%
Democratic
Tom Perriello
239,216
44.1%
Majority
64,183
11.8%
Total votes
542,615
100.0%
Virginia gubernatorial election, 2017 · Electoral history
Majority
Majority
Party
Majority
Party
231,966
Candidate
8.9%
Total votes
Total votes
Party
Total votes
Party
2,607,725
Candidate
100.0%
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ralph Northam
1,405,175
53.9%
Republican
Ed Gillespie
1,173,209
45.0%
Libertarian
Cliff Hyra
27,964
1.1%
Majority
231,966
8.9%
Total votes
2,607,725
100.0%
· External links
Preceded byBill Bolling
Preceded byBill Bolling
Political offices
Preceded byBill Bolling
Political offices
Lieutenant Governor of Virginia 2014–2018
Political offices
Succeeded byJustin Fairfax
Preceded byTerry McAuliffe
Preceded byTerry McAuliffe
Political offices
Preceded byTerry McAuliffe
Political offices
Governor of Virginia 2018–2022
Political offices
Succeeded byGlenn Youngkin
Party political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
Preceded byTerry McAuliffe
Preceded byTerry McAuliffe
Political offices
Preceded byTerry McAuliffe
Political offices
Democratic nominee for Governor of Virginia 2017
Political offices
Succeeded byTerry McAuliffe
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Political offices
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byTerry McAuliffeas Former Governor
Preceded byTerry McAuliffeas Former Governor
Political offices
Preceded byTerry McAuliffeas Former Governor
Political offices
Order of precedence of the United States Within Virginia
Political offices
Succeeded byJack Markellas Former Governor
Order of precedence of the United States Outside Virginia
Order of precedence of the United States Outside Virginia
Political offices
Order of precedence of the United States Outside Virginia
Political offices
Succeeded byGeorge Patakias Former Governor
Political offices
Preceded byBill Bolling
Lieutenant Governor of Virginia 2014–2018
Succeeded byJustin Fairfax
Preceded byTerry McAuliffe
Governor of Virginia 2018–2022
Succeeded byGlenn Youngkin
Party political offices
Preceded byTerry McAuliffe
Democratic nominee for Governor of Virginia 2017
Succeeded byTerry McAuliffe
order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byTerry McAuliffeas Former Governor
Order of precedence of the United States Within Virginia
Succeeded byJack Markellas Former Governor
Order of precedence of the United States Outside Virginia
Succeeded byGeorge Patakias Former Governor

References

  1. The board's five seats reserved for state cabinet members are to be filled by the Secretaries of the Commonwealth, Comme
  2. Although the transferred detainees were isolated from the rest of the population at the Farmville Detention Center for f
  3. This law allows third-trimester abortions to be certified by a single physician if continued pregnancy is found to pose
  4. Northam's full answer to the abortion question during the interview with NBC4 reporter Julie Carey, WTOP-FM on January 3
    https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ralph_Northam#Abortion1
  5. Virginia law does not classify walking an animal on a leash as tethering.
  6. Except for Clouded leopards, which are unregulated by the bill.
  7. This identification requirement used racially offensive terms and had remained in effect until October 2019, when it was
  8. Although Northam's gubernatorial predecessor, Terry McAuliffe, shared Northam's stance on ending this practice, the Repu
  9. This applies to some first-time offenders who are sentenced while under the age of twenty-one and who are not convicted
  10. Due to legal ambiguity predating Fishback v. Commonwealth, between 1995 and 2000, some juries in Virginia were told abou
  11. Kansas has the most restrictive compassionate release policy for terminally ill patients in the country; the Kansas poli
  12. Jury sentencing is also used in Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas but is not mandatory in those states.
  13. This bill ensures that prosecutors cannot dismiss charges for reasons of bribery or bias against victims.
  14. Under a separate law, anyone in Virginia can still be charged with a misdemeanor for public intoxication, but violation
  15. Northam's Democratic primary opponent, Tom Perriello, had adopted the same position one day before Northam.
  16. Northam's original proposal for G3, made during his gubernatorial campaign, would have required participating students t
  17. Under President Trump, the executive branch of the federal government issued a ban against trigger activators. Several s
  18. Military service members are exempted from the bill.
  19. Protection from employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation was first introduced in the executive branc
  20. This bill tasked the Virginia Department of Education with setting statewide standards for the treatment of transgender
  21. Before this bill was enacted, Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage was included in the state legal code and in an amendme
  22. U.S. News & World Report
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  26. Gov. Ralph Northam speaks out in video after racist photo surfaces
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  102. The Washington Post
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  103. The Washington Post
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  105. The Roanoke Times
    https://roanoke.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-northam-gives-the-inaugural-address-virginia---/article_004ff651-ebe0-55b3-ab88-d0258c068752.html
  106. Richmond Times Dispatch
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  107. The Washington Post
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  108. "Governor orders probe of abuse claims by immigrant children"
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  109. The Washington Post
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  110. The Washington Post
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  111. The News Leader
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  112. WHSV-TV
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  113. The New York Times
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  114. The Washington Post
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  115. NBCNews.com
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  116. The Washington Post
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  117. Virginian-Pilot
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  118. "Virginia governor's yearbook page shows 2 people in blackface, KKK garb"
    https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/01/politics/northam-blackface-photo/index.html
  119. WTOP
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  120. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  121. WTVR
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  122. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/this-isnt-me-gov-northams-defiance-caught-advisers-off-guard/2019/02/05/62e97b14-296f-11e9-984d-9b8fba003e81_story.html
  123. The Washington Post
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  124. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/northam-mum-about-his-plans-after-a-flood-of-calls-for-his-resignation-for-racist-and-offensive-photo/2019/02/02/5883402a-26e9-11e9-90cd-dedb0c92dc17_story.html
  125. The Washington Post
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  126. "Virginia abortion feud erupts; governor blasted for comments"
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  127. Townhall
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  128. Fox News
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  129. Vox.com
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  130. ThinkProgress
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  131. "The situation that he has put himself and the Commonwealth of Virginia in is untenable. It's time for Ralph to step down, and for the Commonwealth to move forward"
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  132. The New York Times
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  133. "The Virginia Legislative Black Caucus Demands Governor Northam Resigns"
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  134. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  135. CNN
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  136. Democratic Party of Virginia
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  137. The Hill
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  139. USA Today
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  140. Newsweek
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  141. "VA Governor Ralph Northam's past racist behavior caps a week where he displayed an egregious lack of respect for human dignity and the American values that we fight every day to uphold. Staying in office only poisons efforts to grow together as one nation. He should resign"
    https://x.com/GOPLeader/status/1091747456709287936
  142. "Democrat Gov. Ralph Northam's past: 1981: You had a racist nickname in your college yearbook. 1984: Pictures appear in your medical school yearbook of you in either blackface or a KKK robe. 2013: After a debate, you refuse to shake your African American opponent's hand"
    https://x.com/GOPChairwoman/status/1091775006512685056
  143. "2017: You edited out your African American running mate Justin Fairfax's photo from your campaign fliers. Now you're clearly lying about your racist past to save yourself. Republicans and Democrats agree, Ralph Northam, you must resign"
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  144. The Hill
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  145. Los Angeles Times
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  146. "The photo is racist and contrary to fundamental American values. I join my colleagues in Virginia calling on Governor Northam to do the right thing so that the people of the Commonwealth of Virginia can heal and move forward"
    https://x.com/speakerpelosi/status/1091741112778346507
  147. "Democratic Governors Association calls on Ralph Northam to resign"
    https://x.com/sahilkapur/status/1091780669808828417
  148. "This has gone on too long. There is nothing to debate. He must resign"
    https://x.com/HillaryClinton/status/1091890761900179456
  149. The Hill
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  150. "Just In: Former VP and potential 2020 presidential candidate Joe Biden: "There is no place for racism in America. Governor Northam has lost all moral authority and should resign immediately, Justin Fairfax is the leader Virginia needs now.""
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  151. The Philadelphia Inquirer
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  152. Washington Examiner
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  153. The New York Times
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  154. Politico
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  155. CBS News
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  156. Politico
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  157. "What's Next? After a racist photo in Gov. Ralph Northam's medical school yearbook surfaces, the governorship of Virginia is left in question"
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  158. The Daily Progress
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  159. "A blackface scandal rocked Virginia. Now, Democrats may still win full control of government"
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  160. The Washington Post
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  161. The Washington Post
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  162. The Washington Post
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  163. The Washington Post
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  164. The Washington Post
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  165. Virginia's Legislative Information System
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  166. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  167. Virginia Mercury
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  168. The Washington Post
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  169. The Washington Post
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  170. governor.virginia.gov
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  171. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  176. The Washington Post
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  178. The Virginian-Pilot
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  179. The Virginian-Pilot
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  180. The Washington Post
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  181. Virginia Mercury
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  182. WAVY-TV
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  183. The Washington Post
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  184. The Washington Post
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  185. pilotonline.com
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  188. Fauquier Times, Prince William Times
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  191. www.csmonitor.com
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  192. www.nbcnews.com
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  193. 13 News Now
    https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/virginia-rental-assistance-federal/291-2c316d72-e60a-4e68-9c6b-c2e551b5f6e5
  194. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-unemployment-benefits-expired-pandemic/2021/09/23/72b14ce4-14da-11ec-9589-31ac3173c2e5_story.html
  195. Virginia Mercury
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  196. NBC 12
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  197. The Virginian-Pilot
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  198. Virginia Mercury
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  199. 8 News
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  200. "Utility disconnection protections: Let's make it permanent"
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  201. Virginia Mercury
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  202. The Washington Post
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  203. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/2020/7/13/21310439/osha-coronavirus-worker-protection-rights
  204. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/07/15/coronavirus-workplace-regulation-safety-virginia/
  205. Virginia Mercury
    https://www.virginiamercury.com/2020/07/15/a-victory-for-working-people-virginia-adopts-first-in-the-nation-pandemic-workplace-safety-rules/
  206. Courthouse News Service
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  207. richmond.com
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  208. richmond.com
    https://richmond.com/business/labor-law-virginia-employers-need-to-comply-with-workplace-safety-rules-that-seem-to-conflict/article_62d38583-9ae3-59a9-82ba-caa77eca8115.html
  209. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/04/10/coronavirus-dc-maryland-virginia-live-updates/#link-OGH72A74YJH67MRQMQ2MPOHVIM
  210. WHSV
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  211. WHSV
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  212. Virginia Mercury
    https://www.virginiamercury.com/2020/05/07/virginia-department-of-corrections-clears-230-prisoners-for-early-release/
  213. The Virginian-Pilot
    https://www.pilotonline.com/government/virginia/vp-nw-inmate-early-release-numbers-20201015-ksstatr6n5fy3ipj2x7uqamwtm-story.html
  214. WRIC
    https://www.wric.com/health/coronavirus/inmates-frustrated-by-covid-19-prison-spike-nobody-really-cares/
  215. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/amid-massive-covid-19-outbreak-virginia-prisons-accused-of-failing-inmates-again/2020/09/25/1a45646c-ff39-11ea-8d05-9beaaa91c71f_story.html
  216. The Roanoke Times
    https://roanoke.com/opinion/columnists/rosenfeld-northam-should-address-prison-virus-crisis/article_a0a99ba0-4173-11eb-a377-7f99cf77a6d1.html
  217. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/local-opinions/gov-northam-should-release-some-state-prisoners/2020/12/31/33bdee22-44a9-11eb-b0e4-0f182923a025_story.html
  218. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/another-grave-milestone-more-than-10600-cases-in-region-spike-in-dc-region/2020/04/08/628fa600-77b3-11ea-b6ff-597f170df8f8_story.html
  219. WCVE-FM
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  347. The Washington Post
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  349. The Washington Post
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  351. The Washington Post
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  352. The Washington Post
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  353. Washington Post
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  354. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  355. The Roanoke Times
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  356. NBC 12
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  357. The Washington Post
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  358. The Washington Post
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  360. Daily Press
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  361. Daily Progress
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  362. The Washington Post
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  363. Daily Press
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  364. Daily Progress
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  365. The Washington Post
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  366. The Washington Post
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  367. The Washington Post
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  368. The Washington Post
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  369. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  370. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/virginia-wages-war-on-the-poor-with-drivers-license-suspensions/2016/07/13/e28c3496-4859-11e6-acbc-4d4870a079da_story.html
  371. The Washington Post
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  372. The Washington Post
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  373. The Washington Post
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  374. The Washington Post
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  375. The Washington Post
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  376. 13News Now
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  377. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ralph-northam-still-hasnt-explained-the-racist-yearbook-photo/2019/04/03/ceedb240-54ca-11e9-8ef3-fbd41a2ce4d5_story.html
  378. The Washington Post
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  379. The Appeal
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  380. The Roanoke Times
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  381. The Virginian-Pilot
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  382. WSET-TV
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  383. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/local-opinions/virginia-finally-ends-unjust-drivers-license-suspensions/2020/06/04/3190832c-a511-11ea-bb20-ebf0921f3bbd_story.html
  384. "Victory: Virginia Ends Debt-Based Driver's License Suspensions"
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  385. Twitter
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  386. JenniferMcClellan.ngpvanhost.com
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  387. The Washington Post
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  388. The Washington Post
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  389. WCAV
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  390. The Appeal
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  391. Associated Press
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  392. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
    https://richmond.com/news/virginia/northam-backs-marijuana-decriminalization-raising-felony-larceny-threshold-to-1-000/article_3407c645-e860-5aea-b8e9-0273915afb05.html
  393. Virginia Mercury
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  394. Associated Press
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  395. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
    https://richmond.com/news/local/central-virginia/powhatan/powhatan-today/northam-takes-action-on-controversial-bills/article_07126338-7f2b-11ea-b7ae-ef94e0c6b66b.html
  396. The Seattle Times
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  397. The Virginian-Pilot
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  398. The Virginian-Pilot
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  399. The Daily Progress, The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  400. The Washington Post
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  401. The Washington Post
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  402. The Virginian-Pilot
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  404. The Washington Post
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  405. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  406. The Washington Post
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  407. The Washington Post
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  408. Equal Justice Initiative
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  409. WTOP
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  410. Daily Press
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  411. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  412. Families Against Mandatory Minimums
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  413. The Virginian-Pilot
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  414. The Washington Post
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  415. Virginia Mercury
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  418. Campaign for Youth Justice
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  419. The Virginian-Pilot
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  420. The Free Lance-Star
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  421. The Virginian-Pilot
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  422. NPR
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  423. The Virginian-Pilot
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  424. The Virginian-Pilot
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  426. Virginia's Legislative Information System
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  427. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  428. The Coalfield Progress
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  429. How a Black autistic man is serving 10 years in prison for a car crash
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  432. WUSA
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  433. JURIST
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  434. WSET
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  435. WAVY-TV
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  436. The Center Square
    https://www.thecentersquare.com/virginia/northam-signs-bill-to-allow-community-work-during-incarceration/article_e448828c-5d93-11ea-b4be-afd692d6b9ad.html
  437. The Washington Post
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  438. The Virginian-Pilot
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  439. The Washington Post
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  440. The Roanoke Times
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  441. Richmond Times-Dispatch
    https://richmond.com/news/plus/bill-that-could-lead-to-early-prison-releases-for-nonviolent-offenders-delayed-for-a-year/article_117e9d69-192f-5463-a0a4-407e298a90ec.html
  442. WRIC-TV
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  443. Virginia Mercury
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  444. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/northam-signs-police-overhaul-bills/2020/10/28/7104c368-1926-11eb-befb-8864259bd2d8_story.html
  445. dailypress.com
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  446. Virginia Mercury
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  447. dailypress.com
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  448. The Washington Post
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  449. ABC News
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  450. Virginia's Legislative Information System
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  451. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  452. Death Penalty Information Center
    https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/closing-the-slaughterhouse-the-inside-story-of-death-penalty-abolition-in-virginia
  453. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2021/03/24/971866086/virginia-governor-signs-law-abolishing-the-death-penalty-a-1st-in-the-south
  454. The Washington Post
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190833/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginia-abolish-death-penalty/2021/03/24/8d6eda46-8bf6-11eb-9423-04079921c915_story.html
  455. WSLS
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  456. Kingsport Times-News
    https://www.timesnews.net/news/local-news/governor-announces-criminal-justice-reform-agenda-for-virginia-general-assembly-session/article_2197d856-175f-587c-9271-30910d732405.html
  457. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  458. Innocence Project
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  459. Virginia's Legislative Information System
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  460. University of Virginia School of Law
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  463. Virginia Mercury
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  465. WRIC
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  466. WY Daily
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  468. Virginia Mercury
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  469. Virginia Mercury
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  470. The Washington Post
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  471. AP News
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  472. NPR
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  473. Dogwood
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  474. Virginia Mercury
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  475. Virginia Mercury
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  476. NBC 12
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  478. Associated Press
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  479. CNN
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  480. NPR
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  481. CNN
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  482. Daily Press
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  483. Virginia Mercury
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  484. CNN
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  485. The News Leader
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  488. The Virginian-Pilot
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  493. U.S. News & World Report
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  498. The Virginian-Pilot
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  499. WTOP
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  500. The Washington Post
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  502. Augusta Free Press
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  503. Daily Press
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  504. Augusta Free Press
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  505. The Washington Post
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  506. The Washington Post
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  507. "LiUNA Endorses Ralph Northam for Virginia Governor"
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  508. Loudoun Tribune
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  509. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  510. Virginia Mercury
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  511. The Washington Post
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  512. RVA Magazine
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  513. The Washington Post
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  514. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  515. Inside Higher Ed
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  516. The Free Lance-Star
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  518. The Washington Post
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  519. The Washington Post
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  520. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  521. The Washington Post
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  522. The Washington Post
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  523. Roanoke Times
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  524. The Washington Post
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  525. The Center Square
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  526. PBS NewsHour
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  527. The Washington Post
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  528. The Washington Post
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  529. The Washington Post
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  531. CNN
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  532. The Washington Post
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  533. The New York Times
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  534. The Washington Post
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  535. Virginia Mercury
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  536. WDBJ
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  542. "This Democrat's ad shows Republicans crushing Obamacare. Literally"
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  546. Virginia Mercury
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  547. Virginia Mercury
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  562. The Washington Post
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  564. "Northam vetoes bill that would prohibit 'sanctuary cities'"
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  566. The Washington Post
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  570. The Washington Post
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  580. The Daily Beast
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  584. The Virginian Pilot
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  588. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  600. Vox
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  602. The Washington Post
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  603. The Washington Post
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  604. NBC News
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  605. RVA Magazine
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  606. NBC
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  607. Washington Blade
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  609. Washington Blade
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  610. Prince William Times
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  612. Washington Blade
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  613. LGBTQ Nation
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  614. The Washington Post
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  617. Equality Virginia
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  618. "New 2020 Laws in Virginia Domestic Relations"
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  619. "Stronger LGBTQ+ Rights Soon Enforced in Virginia"
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  622. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  625. CNN
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  626. "Meet Virginia's new First Lady Pam Northam"
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  627. "Ralph Northam cites moral compass at inauguration: 'We have a lot of work to do'"
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  629. The New York Times
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  630. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  633. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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