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Race and health in the United States

Updated: 11/4/2025, 4:15:57 PM Wikipedia source

Research shows many health disparities among different racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Different outcomes in mental and physical health exist between all U.S. Census-recognized racial groups, but these differences stem from different historical and current factors, including genetics, socioeconomic factors, and racism. Research has demonstrated that numerous health care professionals show implicit bias in the way that they treat patients. Certain diseases have a higher prevalence among specific racial groups, and life expectancy also varies across groups. Research has consistently shown significant health disparities among racial and ethnic groups in the U.S.; not rooted in genetics but in historical and from ongoing systematic inequities. Structural racism that has been embedded in employment, education, healthcare, and housing has led to unequal health outcomes, such as higher rates of chronic illnesses among Black, and Indigenous populations. An implied bias in healthcare also contributes to inequality in diagnosis, treatment, and overall care. Furthermore, the historical injustices including "medical exploration" during slavery and segregation have sown further mistrust and inequity that persists today. Efforts to reduce these differences include culturally competent care, diverse healthcare work-forces, and systematic policy corrections specifically targeted at addressing these disparities.

Tables

Life expectancy by race in each state in 2018 · Life expectancy
United States
United States
State
United States
All Races
78.7
White
78.6
Hispanic
82.0
Black
75.0
Asian
86.3
American Indian and Alaska Native
77.4
Alabama
Alabama
State
Alabama
All Races
75.4
White
76.0
Hispanic
79.1
Black
72.9
Asian
80.2
American Indian and Alaska Native
78.7
Alaska
Alaska
State
Alaska
All Races
78.8
White
80.0
Hispanic
80.9
Black
79.0
Asian
87.1
American Indian and Alaska Native
70.5
Arizona
Arizona
State
Arizona
All Races
79.9
White
80.0
Hispanic
81.0
Black
76.8
Asian
87.0
American Indian and Alaska Native
71.8
Arkansas
Arkansas
State
Arkansas
All Races
75.9
White
76.0
Hispanic
79.2
Black
72.8
Asian
80.6
American Indian and Alaska Native
78.4
California
California
State
California
All Races
81.6
White
80.7
Hispanic
83.6
Black
76.0
Asian
87.6
American Indian and Alaska Native
75.7
Colorado
Colorado
State
Colorado
All Races
80.5
White
80.6
Hispanic
81.0
Black
77.2
Asian
87.9
American Indian and Alaska Native
74.2
Connecticut
Connecticut
State
Connecticut
All Races
80.9
White
80.6
Hispanic
82.9
Black
78.0
Asian
87.2
American Indian and Alaska Native
83.6
Delaware
Delaware
State
Delaware
All Races
78.4
White
78.5
Hispanic
81.3
Black
75.2
Asian
85.7
American Indian and Alaska Native
83.1
District of Columbia
District of Columbia
State
District of Columbia
All Races
78.6
White
87.5
Hispanic
87.8
Black
72.6
Asian
89.5
American Indian and Alaska Native
98.5
Florida
Florida
State
Florida
All Races
80.0
White
79.9
Hispanic
82.1
Black
76.1
Asian
86.1
American Indian and Alaska Native
81.6
Georgia
Georgia
State
Georgia
All Races
77.8
White
78.0
Hispanic
81.3
Black
75.5
Asian
85.2
American Indian and Alaska Native
80.8
Hawaii
Hawaii
State
Hawaii
All Races
82.3
White
81.3
Hispanic
87.9
Black
80.9
Asian
83.7
American Indian and Alaska Native
81.9
Idaho
Idaho
State
Idaho
All Races
79.3
White
79.1
Hispanic
83.1
Black
81.3
Asian
84.9
American Indian and Alaska Native
74.6
Illinois
Illinois
State
Illinois
All Races
79.3
White
79.1
Hispanic
82.9
Black
73.9
Asian
85.3
American Indian and Alaska Native
83.0
Indiana
Indiana
State
Indiana
All Races
77.0
White
76.8
Hispanic
82.0
Black
73.2
Asian
85.1
American Indian and Alaska Native
81.2
Iowa
Iowa
State
Iowa
All Races
79.4
White
79.3
Hispanic
81.8
Black
74.8
Asian
86.6
American Indian and Alaska Native
80.1
Kansas
Kansas
State
Kansas
All Races
78.5
White
78.2
Hispanic
81.5
Black
73.8
Asian
84.2
American Indian and Alaska Native
79.1
Kentucky
Kentucky
State
Kentucky
All Races
75.4
White
75.5
Hispanic
79.6
Black
72.9
Asian
80.2
American Indian and Alaska Native
78.9
Louisiana
Louisiana
State
Louisiana
All Races
76.1
White
77.1
Hispanic
80.9
Black
73.1
Asian
81.1
American Indian and Alaska Native
80.5
Maine
Maine
State
Maine
All Races
78.7
White
78.6
Hispanic
82.1
Black
80.9
Asian
85.9
American Indian and Alaska Native
83.8
Maryland
Maryland
State
Maryland
All Races
79.1
White
80.0
Hispanic
81.9
Black
75.3
Asian
87.3
American Indian and Alaska Native
83.7
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
State
Massachusetts
All Races
80.5
White
80.2
Hispanic
82.1
Black
78.8
Asian
86.1
American Indian and Alaska Native
84.1
Michigan
Michigan
State
Michigan
All Races
78.0
White
78.0
Hispanic
80.9
Black
73.5
Asian
86.0
American Indian and Alaska Native
79.8
Minnesota
Minnesota
State
Minnesota
All Races
80.9
White
81.0
Hispanic
83.4
Black
79.3
Asian
86.8
American Indian and Alaska Native
69.9
Mississippi
Mississippi
State
Mississippi
All Races
74.9
White
76.0
Hispanic
79.3
Black
72.6
Asian
80.8
American Indian and Alaska Native
79.2
Missouri
Missouri
State
Missouri
All Races
77.3
White
77.5
Hispanic
81.9
Black
73.6
Asian
84.6
American Indian and Alaska Native
81.0
Montana
Montana
State
Montana
All Races
78.8
White
79.3
Hispanic
82.1
Black
81.9
Asian
86.1
American Indian and Alaska Native
69.5
Nebraska
Nebraska
State
Nebraska
All Races
79.6
White
79.6
Hispanic
82.1
Black
73.9
Asian
86.3
American Indian and Alaska Native
71.1
Nevada
Nevada
State
Nevada
All Races
78.5
White
76.8
Hispanic
80.7
Black
76.3
Asian
84.1
American Indian and Alaska Native
74.9
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
State
New Hampshire
All Races
79.5
White
79.3
Hispanic
83.5
Black
80.8
Asian
87.6
American Indian and Alaska Native
84.4
New Jersey
New Jersey
State
New Jersey
All Races
80.4
White
80.2
Hispanic
82.7
Black
74.8
Asian
87.2
American Indian and Alaska Native
84.1
New Mexico
New Mexico
State
New Mexico
All Races
78.1
White
78.7
Hispanic
78.6
Black
74.8
Asian
81.8
American Indian and Alaska Native
73.9
New York
New York
State
New York
All Races
81.3
White
81.0
Hispanic
82.4
Black
78.0
Asian
87.4
American Indian and Alaska Native
83.7
North Carolina
North Carolina
State
North Carolina
All Races
78.0
White
78.5
Hispanic
81.8
Black
75.0
Asian
84.3
American Indian and Alaska Native
76.8
North Dakota
North Dakota
State
North Dakota
All Races
79.9
White
80.1
Hispanic
85.1
Black
82.1
Asian
88.3
American Indian and Alaska Native
69.7
Ohio
Ohio
State
Ohio
All Races
76.9
White
77.1
Hispanic
81.1
Black
73.0
Asian
85.9
American Indian and Alaska Native
80.6
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
State
Oklahoma
All Races
76.0
White
76.1
Hispanic
80.9
Black
72.9
Asian
81.0
American Indian and Alaska Native
73.6
Oregon
Oregon
State
Oregon
All Races
79.8
White
79.5
Hispanic
84.0
Black
77.5
Asian
86.4
American Indian and Alaska Native
76.9
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
State
Pennsylvania
All Races
78.3
White
78.3
Hispanic
82.2
Black
73.2
Asian
86.9
American Indian and Alaska Native
82.2
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
State
Rhode Island
All Races
79.9
White
79.7
Hispanic
83.9
Black
73.6
Asian
86.4
American Indian and Alaska Native
84.0
South Carolina
South Carolina
State
South Carolina
All Races
77.0
White
78.0
Hispanic
81.4
Black
73.6
Asian
83.1
American Indian and Alaska Native
80.9
South Dakota
South Dakota
State
South Dakota
All Races
79.1
White
80.0
Hispanic
82.7
Black
81.2
Asian
85.2
American Indian and Alaska Native
67.8
Tennessee
Tennessee
State
Tennessee
All Races
76.0
White
76.1
Hispanic
80.7
Black
72.7
Asian
82.6
American Indian and Alaska Native
80.4
Texas
Texas
State
Texas
All Races
79.1
White
78.5
Hispanic
81.3
Black
74.2
Asian
85.1
American Indian and Alaska Native
81.8
Utah
Utah
State
Utah
All Races
79.9
White
79.6
Hispanic
81.9
Black
80.2
Asian
84.3
American Indian and Alaska Native
74.3
Vermont
Vermont
State
Vermont
All Races
79.7
White
79.6
Hispanic
83.1
Black
81.1
Asian
87.2
American Indian and Alaska Native
85.0
Virginia
Virginia
State
Virginia
All Races
79.5
White
79.7
Hispanic
84.7
Black
74.5
Asian
86.0
American Indian and Alaska Native
82.3
Washington
Washington
State
Washington
All Races
80.4
White
80.1
Hispanic
81.7
Black
78.0
Asian
84.3
American Indian and Alaska Native
74.0
West Virginia
West Virginia
State
West Virginia
All Races
74.8
White
74.8
Hispanic
79.7
Black
72.2
Asian
79.8
American Indian and Alaska Native
79.0
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
State
Wisconsin
All Races
79.4
White
79.4
Hispanic
83.3
Black
73.4
Asian
85.8
American Indian and Alaska Native
71.7
Wyoming
Wyoming
State
Wyoming
All Races
79.0
White
79.0
Hispanic
81.8
Black
80.2
Asian
85.2
American Indian and Alaska Native
72.9
State
All Races
White
Hispanic
Black
Asian
American Indian and Alaska Native
United States
78.7
78.6
82.0
75.0
86.3
77.4
Alabama
75.4
76.0
79.1
72.9
80.2
78.7
Alaska
78.8
80.0
80.9
79.0
87.1
70.5
Arizona
79.9
80.0
81.0
76.8
87.0
71.8
Arkansas
75.9
76.0
79.2
72.8
80.6
78.4
California
81.6
80.7
83.6
76.0
87.6
75.7
Colorado
80.5
80.6
81.0
77.2
87.9
74.2
Connecticut
80.9
80.6
82.9
78.0
87.2
83.6
Delaware
78.4
78.5
81.3
75.2
85.7
83.1
District of Columbia
78.6
87.5
87.8
72.6
89.5
98.5
Florida
80.0
79.9
82.1
76.1
86.1
81.6
Georgia
77.8
78.0
81.3
75.5
85.2
80.8
Hawaii
82.3
81.3
87.9
80.9
83.7
81.9
Idaho
79.3
79.1
83.1
81.3
84.9
74.6
Illinois
79.3
79.1
82.9
73.9
85.3
83.0
Indiana
77.0
76.8
82.0
73.2
85.1
81.2
Iowa
79.4
79.3
81.8
74.8
86.6
80.1
Kansas
78.5
78.2
81.5
73.8
84.2
79.1
Kentucky
75.4
75.5
79.6
72.9
80.2
78.9
Louisiana
76.1
77.1
80.9
73.1
81.1
80.5
Maine
78.7
78.6
82.1
80.9
85.9
83.8
Maryland
79.1
80.0
81.9
75.3
87.3
83.7
Massachusetts
80.5
80.2
82.1
78.8
86.1
84.1
Michigan
78.0
78.0
80.9
73.5
86.0
79.8
Minnesota
80.9
81.0
83.4
79.3
86.8
69.9
Mississippi
74.9
76.0
79.3
72.6
80.8
79.2
Missouri
77.3
77.5
81.9
73.6
84.6
81.0
Montana
78.8
79.3
82.1
81.9
86.1
69.5
Nebraska
79.6
79.6
82.1
73.9
86.3
71.1
Nevada
78.5
76.8
80.7
76.3
84.1
74.9
New Hampshire
79.5
79.3
83.5
80.8
87.6
84.4
New Jersey
80.4
80.2
82.7
74.8
87.2
84.1
New Mexico
78.1
78.7
78.6
74.8
81.8
73.9
New York
81.3
81.0
82.4
78.0
87.4
83.7
North Carolina
78.0
78.5
81.8
75.0
84.3
76.8
North Dakota
79.9
80.1
85.1
82.1
88.3
69.7
Ohio
76.9
77.1
81.1
73.0
85.9
80.6
Oklahoma
76.0
76.1
80.9
72.9
81.0
73.6
Oregon
79.8
79.5
84.0
77.5
86.4
76.9
Pennsylvania
78.3
78.3
82.2
73.2
86.9
82.2
Rhode Island
79.9
79.7
83.9
73.6
86.4
84.0
South Carolina
77.0
78.0
81.4
73.6
83.1
80.9
South Dakota
79.1
80.0
82.7
81.2
85.2
67.8
Tennessee
76.0
76.1
80.7
72.7
82.6
80.4
Texas
79.1
78.5
81.3
74.2
85.1
81.8
Utah
79.9
79.6
81.9
80.2
84.3
74.3
Vermont
79.7
79.6
83.1
81.1
87.2
85.0
Virginia
79.5
79.7
84.7
74.5
86.0
82.3
Washington
80.4
80.1
81.7
78.0
84.3
74.0

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