Race and ethnicity in the United States
Updated: 11/6/2025, 12:11:43 AM Wikipedia source
The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population. At the federal level, race and ethnicity have been categorized separately. The most recent United States census recognized five racial categories (White, Black, Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander), as well as people who belong to two or more of the racial categories. The United States also recognizes the broader notion of ethnicity. While previous censuses inquired about the "ancestry" of residents, the current form asks people to enter their "origins". White Americans are the majority in every census-defined region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West) and 44 out of 50 states, except Hawaii, California, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, and Maryland. Those identifying as white alone or in combination (including multiracial white Americans) are the majority in every state except for Hawaii and California. The region with the highest proportion of White Americans is the Midwest, at 74.6% per the American Community Survey (ACS), followed by the Northeast, at 64%. Non-Hispanic whites make up 73% of the Midwest's population, the highest proportion of any region, and they make up 62% of the population in the Northeast. At the same time, the regions with the smallest share of White Americans are the West, where they comprise 51.9%, and the South, where they comprise 57.7%. Non-Hispanic whites are a minority in the West, where they make up 47.1% of the population. In the South, non-Hispanic whites make up 54% of the population. Currently, 55% of the African American population lives in the South. A plurality or majority of the other official groups reside in the West. The latter region is home to 42% of Hispanic and Latino Americans, 46% of Asian Americans, 48% of Native Americans and Alaska Natives, 68% of Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 37% of the "two or more races" population (multiracial Americans), and 46% of those self-designated as "some other race". Each of the five inhabited US territories is fairly homogeneous, though each comprises a different primary ethnic group. American Samoa has a high percentage of Pacific Islanders, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands are mostly Asian and Pacific Islander, Puerto Rico is mostly Hispanic/Latino (racially composed of whites, blacks, and mixed-race people mostly), and the US Virgin Islands are mostly African American.
Tables
· Racial and ethnic categories › Racial categories
American Indian or Alaska Native
American Indian or Alaska Native
Race/Ethnicity Reporting Category
American Indian or Alaska Native
Definition
Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, and South America, including, for example, Navajo Nation, Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana, Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government, Nome Eskimo Community, Aztec, and Maya.
Asian
Asian
Race/Ethnicity Reporting Category
Asian
Definition
Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Central or East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, including, for example, Chinese, Asian Indian, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese.
Black or African American
Black or African American
Race/Ethnicity Reporting Category
Black or African American
Definition
Individuals with origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa, including, for example, African American, Jamaican, Haitian, Nigerian, Ghanaian, and South African.
Hispanic or Latino
Hispanic or Latino
Race/Ethnicity Reporting Category
Hispanic or Latino
Definition
Includes individuals of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Salvadoran, Cuban, Dominican, Guatemalan, and other Central or South American or Spanish culture or origin.
Middle Eastern or North African
Middle Eastern or North African
Race/Ethnicity Reporting Category
Middle Eastern or North African
Definition
Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of the Middle East or North Africa, including, for example, Lebanese, Iranian, Egyptian, Somali, Syrian, Ethiopian, Iraqi, and Israeli.
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
Race/Ethnicity Reporting Category
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
Definition
Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands, including, for example, Native Hawaiian, Samoan, Chamorro, Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese.
White or European American
White or European American
Race/Ethnicity Reporting Category
White or European American
Definition
Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, including, for example, English, Spanish, German, Irish, Italian, Polish, and Scottish.
| Race/Ethnicity Reporting Category | Definition |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, and South America, including, for example, Navajo Nation, Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana, Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government, Nome Eskimo Community, Aztec, and Maya. |
| Asian | Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Central or East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, including, for example, Chinese, Asian Indian, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese. |
| Black or African American | Individuals with origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa, including, for example, African American, Jamaican, Haitian, Nigerian, Ghanaian, and South African. |
| Hispanic or Latino | Includes individuals of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Salvadoran, Cuban, Dominican, Guatemalan, and other Central or South American or Spanish culture or origin. |
| Middle Eastern or North African | Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of the Middle East or North Africa, including, for example, Lebanese, Iranian, Egyptian, Somali, Syrian, Ethiopian, Iraqi, and Israeli. |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands, including, for example, Native Hawaiian, Samoan, Chamorro, Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese. |
| White or European American | Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, including, for example, English, Spanish, German, Irish, Italian, Polish, and Scottish. |
· Racial and ethnic makeup of the US population › Hispanic and Latino Americans
Year
Year
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Year
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Population
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
% of
Hispanics
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
% of
the USA
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Percent Change
Multiracial
Multiracial
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Multiracial
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
20,299,960
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
32.70%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
6.12%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
567.2%
White (alone)
White (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
White (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
12,579,626
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
20.26%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
3.80%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
-52.9%
Native (alone)
Native (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Native (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
1,475,436
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
2.38%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
0.45%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
115.3%
Black (alone)
Black (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Black (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
1,163,862
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
1.87%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
0.35%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
-6.2%
Asian (alone)
Asian (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Asian (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
267,330
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
0.43%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
0.08%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
27.8%
Pacific Islander (alone)
Pacific Islander (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Pacific Islander (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
67,948
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
0.11%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
0.02%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
16.3%
Some Other Race (alone)
Some Other Race (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Some Other Race (alone)
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
26,225,882
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
42.25%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
7.91%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
41.7%
Total
Total
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Total
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
62,080,044
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
100%
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
18.73%
Source: 2020 United States census
Source: 2020 United States census
Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America)
Source: 2020 United States census
| Hispanic Americans in 2020 (Hispanic America) | |||||||
| Year | Population | % of Hispanics | % of the USA | Percent Change | |||
| Multiracial | 20,299,960 | 32.70% | 6.12% | 567.2% | |||
| White (alone) | 12,579,626 | 20.26% | 3.80% | -52.9% | |||
| Native (alone) | 1,475,436 | 2.38% | 0.45% | 115.3% | |||
| Black (alone) | 1,163,862 | 1.87% | 0.35% | -6.2% | |||
| Asian (alone) | 267,330 | 0.43% | 0.08% | 27.8% | |||
| Pacific Islander (alone) | 67,948 | 0.11% | 0.02% | 16.3% | |||
| Some Other Race (alone) | 26,225,882 | 42.25% | 7.91% | 41.7% | |||
| Total | 62,080,044 | 100% | 18.73% | ||||
| Source: 2020 United States census | |||||||
· Ancestry › 2022 American Community Survey
Black or African American
(Including Afro-Caribbean and sub-Saharan African)
Black or African American
(Including Afro-Caribbean and sub-Saharan African)
Ancestry
Black or African American
(Including Afro-Caribbean and sub-Saharan African)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
41,104,200
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
46,936,733
% Total
14.2%
English
English
Ancestry
English
Number in 2022 (Alone)
25,536,902
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
46,612,345
% Total
14.1%
German
German
Ancestry
German
Number in 2022 (Alone)
15,447,670
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
44,978,546
% Total
13.6%
Irish
Irish
Ancestry
Irish
Number in 2022 (Alone)
8,649,243
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
38,597,428
% Total
11.9%
Mexican
Mexican
Ancestry
Mexican
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
37,414,772
% Total
11.2%
French
(Not including French Canadian)
French
(Not including French Canadian)
Ancestry
French
(Not including French Canadian)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
1,505,673
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
6,464,464
% Total
1.9%
American
(Mostly old-stock white Americans of British descent)
American
(Mostly old-stock white Americans of British descent)
Ancestry
American
(Mostly old-stock white Americans of British descent)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
14,929,899
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
19,364,103
% Total
5.9%
Italian
Italian
Ancestry
Italian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
5,953,262
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
17,767,630
% Total
5.4%
Scottish
Scottish
Ancestry
Scottish
Number in 2022 (Alone)
1,471,817
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
8,422,613
% Total
3.6%
Indigenous American
(No tribe specified)
Indigenous American
(No tribe specified)
Ancestry
Indigenous American
(No tribe specified)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
3,727,135
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
9,666,058
% Total
2.9%
Polish
Polish
Ancestry
Polish
Number in 2022 (Alone)
2,744,941
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
8,810,275
% Total
2.7%
Puerto Rican
Puerto Rican
Ancestry
Puerto Rican
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
5,905,178
% Total
1.8%
Chinese
(Not including Taiwanese)
Chinese
(Not including Taiwanese)
Ancestry
Chinese
(Not including Taiwanese)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
4,258,198
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
5,465,428
% Total
1.6%
Indian
Indian
Ancestry
Indian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
4,534,339
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
4,946,306
% Total
1.5%
Broadly "European"
(No country specified)
Broadly "European"
(No country specified)
Ancestry
Broadly "European"
(No country specified)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
3,718,055
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
4,819,541
% Total
1.4%
Filipino
Filipino
Ancestry
Filipino
Number in 2022 (Alone)
2,969,978
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
4,466,918
% Total
1.3%
Swedish
Swedish
Ancestry
Swedish
Number in 2022 (Alone)
740,478
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
3,936,772
% Total
1.2%
Norwegian
Norwegian
Ancestry
Norwegian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
1,224,373
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
3,317,462
% Total
1.0%
Dutch
Dutch
Ancestry
Dutch
Number in 2022 (Alone)
858,809
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
3,019,465
% Total
0.9%
Scotch-Irish
Scotch-Irish
Ancestry
Scotch-Irish
Number in 2022 (Alone)
940,337
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
2,524,746
% Total
0.8%
Salvadoran
Salvadoran
Ancestry
Salvadoran
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
2,480,509
% Total
0.7%
Cuban
Cuban
Ancestry
Cuban
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
2,435,573
% Total
0.7%
Dominican
Dominican
Ancestry
Dominican
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
2,396,784
% Total
0.7%
Vietnamese
Vietnamese
Ancestry
Vietnamese
Number in 2022 (Alone)
1,887,550
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
2,301,868
% Total
0.7%
Other Hispanic or Latino
(Including Hispano, Californio, Tejano, Isleño, and unspecified Hispanic origins)
Other Hispanic or Latino
(Including Hispano, Californio, Tejano, Isleño, and unspecified Hispanic origins)
Ancestry
Other Hispanic or Latino
(Including Hispano, Californio, Tejano, Isleño, and unspecified Hispanic origins)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
2,276,867
% Total
0.7%
Arab
(Including Lebanese (583,719), Egyptian (334,574), Syrian (203,282), Palestinian (171,969), Iraqi (164,851), Moroccan (140,196), and all other Arab ancestries)
Arab
(Including Lebanese (583,719), Egyptian (334,574), Syrian (203,282), Palestinian (171,969), Iraqi (164,851), Moroccan (140,196), and all other Arab ancestries)
Ancestry
Arab
(Including Lebanese (583,719), Egyptian (334,574), Syrian (203,282), Palestinian (171,969), Iraqi (164,851), Moroccan (140,196), and all other Arab ancestries)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
1,502,360
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
2,237,982
% Total
0.7%
Russian
Russian
Ancestry
Russian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
747,866
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
2,099,079
% Total
0.6%
Korean
Korean
Ancestry
Korean
Number in 2022 (Alone)
1,501,587
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
2,051,572
% Total
0.6%
Spanish
(Including responses of "Spaniard", "Spanish", and "Spanish American". Many Hispanos of New Mexico identify as Spanish/Spaniard)
Spanish
(Including responses of "Spaniard", "Spanish", and "Spanish American". Many Hispanos of New Mexico identify as Spanish/Spaniard)
Ancestry
Spanish
(Including responses of "Spaniard", "Spanish", and "Spanish American". Many Hispanos of New Mexico identify as Spanish/Spaniard)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,926,228
% Total
0.6%
Guatemalan
Guatemalan
Ancestry
Guatemalan
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,878,599
% Total
0.6%
Broadly "African"
(Not further specified)
Broadly "African"
(Not further specified)
Ancestry
Broadly "African"
(Not further specified)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
1,297,668
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,721,108
% Total
0.5%
French Canadian
French Canadian
Ancestry
French Canadian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
694,089
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,626,456
% Total
0.5%
Japanese
Japanese
Ancestry
Japanese
Number in 2022 (Alone)
717,413
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,587,040
% Total
0.5%
Welsh
Welsh
Ancestry
Welsh
Number in 2022 (Alone)
293,551
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,521,565
% Total
0.5%
Colombian
Colombian
Ancestry
Colombian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,451,271
% Total
0.4%
Portuguese
Portuguese
Ancestry
Portuguese
Number in 2022 (Alone)
543,531
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,350,442
% Total
0.4%
Hungarian
Hungarian
Ancestry
Hungarian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
390,561
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,247,165
% Total
0.4%
Jamaican
Jamaican
Ancestry
Jamaican
Number in 2022 (Alone)
903,516
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,234,336
% Total
0.4%
Honduran
Honduran
Ancestry
Honduran
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,219,212
% Total
0.4%
Greek
Greek
Ancestry
Greek
Number in 2022 (Alone)
486,878
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,200,706
% Total
0.4%
Broadly "British"
(Not further specified)
Broadly "British"
(Not further specified)
Ancestry
Broadly "British"
(Not further specified)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
503,077
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,196,265
% Total
0.4%
Czech
Czech
Ancestry
Czech
Number in 2022 (Alone)
340,768
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,188,711
% Total
0.4%
Ukrainian
Ukrainian
Ancestry
Ukrainian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
565,431
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,164,728
% Total
0.3%
Haitian
Haitian
Ancestry
Haitian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
937,373
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,138,855
% Total
0.3%
Danish
Danish
Ancestry
Danish
Number in 2022 (Alone)
268,019
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
1,127,518
% Total
0.3%
Broadly "Eastern European"
(Not further specified)
Broadly "Eastern European"
(Not further specified)
Ancestry
Broadly "Eastern European"
(Not further specified)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
566,715
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
951,384
% Total
0.3%
Broadly "Scandinavian"
(Not further specified)
Broadly "Scandinavian"
(Not further specified)
Ancestry
Broadly "Scandinavian"
(Not further specified)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
372,673
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
935,153
% Total
0.3%
Indigenous Mexican
Indigenous Mexican
Ancestry
Indigenous Mexican
Number in 2022 (Alone)
548,717
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
875,183
% Total
0.3%
Ecuadorian
Ecuadorian
Ancestry
Ecuadorian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
870,965
% Total
0.3%
Swiss
Swiss
Ancestry
Swiss
Number in 2022 (Alone)
196,120
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
847,247
% Total
0.3%
Venezuelan
Venezuelan
Ancestry
Venezuelan
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
814,080
% Total
0.2%
Peruvian
Peruvian
Ancestry
Peruvian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
—
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
751,519
% Total
0.2%
Native Hawaiian
Native Hawaiian
Ancestry
Native Hawaiian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
185,466
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
714,847
% Total
0.2%
Nigerian
Nigerian
Ancestry
Nigerian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
532,438
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
712,294
% Total
0.2%
Indigenous Central American
(Mayan, etc.)
Indigenous Central American
(Mayan, etc.)
Ancestry
Indigenous Central American
(Mayan, etc.)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
315,313
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
634,503
% Total
0.2%
Pakistani
Pakistani
Ancestry
Pakistani
Number in 2022 (Alone)
560,494
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
625,570
% Total
0.2%
Finnish
Finnish
Ancestry
Finnish
Number in 2022 (Alone)
189,603
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
606,028
% Total
0.2%
Slovak
Slovak
Ancestry
Slovak
Number in 2022 (Alone)
186,902
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
602,949
% Total
0.2%
Lithuanian
Lithuanian
Ancestry
Lithuanian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
167,355
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
598,508
% Total
0.2%
Broadly "Asian"
(Not further specified)
Broadly "Asian"
(Not further specified)
Ancestry
Broadly "Asian"
(Not further specified)
Number in 2022 (Alone)
218,730
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
591,806
% Total
0.2%
Austrian
Austrian
Ancestry
Austrian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
123,987
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
584,517
% Total
0.2%
Brazilian
Brazilian
Ancestry
Brazilian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
389,082
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
546,757
% Total
0.2%
Canadian
Canadian
Ancestry
Canadian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
249,309
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
542,459
% Total
0.2%
Iranian
Iranian
Ancestry
Iranian
Number in 2022 (Alone)
392,051
Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)
519,658
% Total
0.2%
| Ancestry | Number in 2022 (Alone) | Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination) | % Total |
| Black or African American (Including Afro-Caribbean and sub-Saharan African) | 41,104,200 | 46,936,733 | 14.2% |
| English | 25,536,902 | 46,612,345 | 14.1% |
| German | 15,447,670 | 44,978,546 | 13.6% |
| Irish | 8,649,243 | 38,597,428 | 11.9% |
| Mexican | — | 37,414,772 | 11.2% |
| French (Not including French Canadian) | 1,505,673 | 6,464,464 | 1.9% |
| American (Mostly old-stock white Americans of British descent) | 14,929,899 | 19,364,103 | 5.9% |
| Italian | 5,953,262 | 17,767,630 | 5.4% |
| Scottish | 1,471,817 | 8,422,613 | 3.6% |
| Indigenous American (No tribe specified) | 3,727,135 | 9,666,058 | 2.9% |
| Polish | 2,744,941 | 8,810,275 | 2.7% |
| Puerto Rican | — | 5,905,178 | 1.8% |
| Chinese (Not including Taiwanese) | 4,258,198 | 5,465,428 | 1.6% |
| Indian | 4,534,339 | 4,946,306 | 1.5% |
| Broadly "European" (No country specified) | 3,718,055 | 4,819,541 | 1.4% |
| Filipino | 2,969,978 | 4,466,918 | 1.3% |
| Swedish | 740,478 | 3,936,772 | 1.2% |
| Norwegian | 1,224,373 | 3,317,462 | 1.0% |
| Dutch | 858,809 | 3,019,465 | 0.9% |
| Scotch-Irish | 940,337 | 2,524,746 | 0.8% |
| Salvadoran | — | 2,480,509 | 0.7% |
| Cuban | — | 2,435,573 | 0.7% |
| Dominican | — | 2,396,784 | 0.7% |
| Vietnamese | 1,887,550 | 2,301,868 | 0.7% |
| Other Hispanic or Latino (Including Hispano, Californio, Tejano, Isleño, and unspecified Hispanic origins) | — | 2,276,867 | 0.7% |
| Arab (Including Lebanese (583,719), Egyptian (334,574), Syrian (203,282), Palestinian (171,969), Iraqi (164,851), Moroccan (140,196), and all other Arab ancestries) | 1,502,360 | 2,237,982 | 0.7% |
| Russian | 747,866 | 2,099,079 | 0.6% |
| Korean | 1,501,587 | 2,051,572 | 0.6% |
| Spanish (Including responses of "Spaniard", "Spanish", and "Spanish American". Many Hispanos of New Mexico identify as Spanish/Spaniard) | — | 1,926,228 | 0.6% |
| Guatemalan | — | 1,878,599 | 0.6% |
| Broadly "African" (Not further specified) | 1,297,668 | 1,721,108 | 0.5% |
| French Canadian | 694,089 | 1,626,456 | 0.5% |
| Japanese | 717,413 | 1,587,040 | 0.5% |
| Welsh | 293,551 | 1,521,565 | 0.5% |
| Colombian | — | 1,451,271 | 0.4% |
| Portuguese | 543,531 | 1,350,442 | 0.4% |
| Hungarian | 390,561 | 1,247,165 | 0.4% |
| Jamaican | 903,516 | 1,234,336 | 0.4% |
| Honduran | — | 1,219,212 | 0.4% |
| Greek | 486,878 | 1,200,706 | 0.4% |
| Broadly "British" (Not further specified) | 503,077 | 1,196,265 | 0.4% |
| Czech | 340,768 | 1,188,711 | 0.4% |
| Ukrainian | 565,431 | 1,164,728 | 0.3% |
| Haitian | 937,373 | 1,138,855 | 0.3% |
| Danish | 268,019 | 1,127,518 | 0.3% |
| Broadly "Eastern European" (Not further specified) | 566,715 | 951,384 | 0.3% |
| Broadly "Scandinavian" (Not further specified) | 372,673 | 935,153 | 0.3% |
| Indigenous Mexican | 548,717 | 875,183 | 0.3% |
| Ecuadorian | — | 870,965 | 0.3% |
References
- Following consultations with Middle East and North Africa (MENA) organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that
- For the 2000 census, this includes people who indicated their race or races as "Black, African Am., or Negro", or wrote
- However, 95% of the people who report in this category are Hispanic Mestizos. This is not a standard OMB race category.
- There is no option labelled "two or more races" or "multiracial" on census and other forms; people who report more than
- Of the foreign-born population from Africa (1,607 thousand), in 2010, 46% were naturalized.
- 25 thousand square miles, 65 thousand square kilomters
- "Our Diverse Population: Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000"https://www.census.gov/population/pop-profile/2000/chap16.pdf
- "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity"https://web.archive.org/web/20040208185224/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html
- "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000"https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf
- 2008 Population Estimateshttps://www.census.gov
- "Irish Americans must respond to ethnic question in 2020 US Census"https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/genealogy/irish-americans-respond-ethnic-question-2020-census.amp
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US15&primary_geo_id=04000US15
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US06&primary_geo_id=04000US06
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US48&primary_geo_id=04000US48
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US35&primary_geo_id=04000US35
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US32&primary_geo_id=04000US32
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US24&primary_geo_id=04000US24
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02008&geo_ids=04000US15&primary_geo_id=04000US15
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=02000US2&primary_geo_id=02000US2
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=02000US1&primary_geo_id=02000US1
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03002&geo_ids=02000US2&primary_geo_id=02000US2
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03002&geo_ids=02000US1&primary_geo_id=02000US1
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=02000US4&primary_geo_id=02000US4
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=02000US3&primary_geo_id=02000US3
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03002&geo_ids=02000US4&primary_geo_id=02000US4
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03002&geo_ids=02000US3&primary_geo_id=02000US3
- 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimateshttps://www.census.gov
- American FactFinderhttps://web.archive.org/web/20170503200517/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DPAS_ASDP1&prodType=table
- "American FactFinder"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413071617/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DPGU_GUDP1&prodType=table
- American FactFinderhttps://archive.today/20200214010714/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_5YR_DP05&prodType=table
- [1] American FactFinder. 2010 U.S. Virgin Islands Demographic Profile Data. Retrieved November 29, 2019.https://archive.today/20200214060850/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DPVI_VIDP1&prodType=table
- "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census"https://census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html
- "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census"https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html
- "Public Comments to NCT Federal Register Notice"https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/decennial/2020-census/2015_census_tests/nct/2015-nct-frn.pdf
- Al Jazeerahttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/01/why-is-there-no-mena-category-on-the-2020-us-census/
- "Persons reporting some other race, percent, 2000"https://archive.today/20200213004245/https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/some_other_race.htm
- "Racial and Ethnic Classifications Used in Census 2000 and Beyond"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127063008/http%3A//www%2Ecensus%2Egov/population/www/socdemo/race/racefactcb%2Ehtml
- "U.S. Census Bureau: FAQs"https://ask.census.gov/faq.php?id=5000&faqId=191
- The American FactFinder Archived August 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machinehttp://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68178.htm
- "Introduction to Race and Ethnic (Hispanic Origin) Data for the Census 2000 Special EEO File"https://web.archive.org/web/20090813055015/http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/census/race_ethnic_data.html
- "Final Revisions of the Employer Information Report (EEO-1)"https://web.archive.org/web/20090813053315/http://www.eeoc.gov/eeo1/index.html
- The White Househttps://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/briefing-room/2024/03/28/omb-publishes-revisions-to-statistical-policy-directive-no-15-standards-for-maintaining-collecting-and-presenting-federal-data-on-race-and-ethnicity/
- U.S. Office of Management and Budget Interagency Technical Working Group on Race and Ethnicity Standardshttps://spd15revision.gov/
- Marks, Rachel; Jones, Nicholas; Battle, Karen (April 8, 2024). "What Updates to OMB's Race/Ethnicity Standards Mean forhttps://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2024/04/updates-race-ethnicity-standards.html
- USAFactshttps://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/
- "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census"https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html
- "Short Form Questionnaire"https://www.census.gov/dmd/www/pdf/d61a.pdf
- "CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing: Ethnic groups"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html
- "U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data"https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html
- Encyclopedia Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human/The-history-of-the-idea-of-race
- The Indigenous Foundationhttps://www.theindigenousfoundation.org/articles/bloodquantum
- Journal of Anthropologyhttps://doi.org/10.1155%2F2011%2F549521
- The Atlantichttps://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2023/06/blood-quantum-laws-native-american-tribal-communities/674461/
- Native Tribe Infohttps://nativetribe.info/native-american-citizenship-blood-quantum-debate/
- Indian Reservationshttps://www.indianreservation.info/blood-quantum-rules-on-indian-reservations-pros-cons/
- California Law Reviewhttps://www.californialawreview.org/print/blood-quantum-and-the-ever-tightening-chokehold-on-tribal-citizenship-the-reproductive-justice-implications-of-blood-quantum-requirements
- HISTORYhttps://www.history.com/articles/sharecropping
- PBShttps://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/harvest-sharecropping-slavery-rerouted/
- Melvin Randolph Gilmore, "The True Logan Fontenelle", Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society, Vol. 19, edhttp://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/topic/resources/OLLibrary/collections/vol19/v19p064.htm
- www.freeafricanamericans.comhttp://www.freeafricanamericans.com/
- Jones, Suzanne W., Race Mixing: Southern Fiction Since the Sixties, JHU Press, 2006, p. 186, ISBN 9780801883934 [2]https://books.google.com/books?id=-G0clCdcSSkC&pg=PA186
- EBSCOhttps://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/ethnic-and-cultural-studies/hispanic-vs-latino
- Academic Medicinehttps://doi.org/10.1097%2Facm.0000000000003904
- Pew Research Centerhttps://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/06/11/chapter-7-the-many-dimensions-of-hispanic-racial-identity/
- Pew Research Centerhttps://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/02/25/the-changing-categories-the-u-s-has-used-to-measure-race/
- The 2000 Censushttps://doi.org/10.17226%2F10907
- HISTORYhttps://www.history.com/articles/census-changes-controversy-citizenship
- Encyclopædia Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/place/American-Samoa/Government-and-society
- "About the Topic of Race"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html
- "The White Population: 2000"https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US72&primary_geo_id=04000US72
- American FactFinderhttps://web.archive.org/web/20170503200517/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DPAS_ASDP1&prodType=table
- CIA World Factbookhttps://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/virgin-islands/
- "Quick Facts: Hawaii"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/HI
- "Quick Facts: California"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA
- "American FactFinder"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413071617/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DPGU_GUDP1&prodType=table
- "Texas Becomes Nation's Newest "Majority-Minority" State, Census Bureau Announces"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420121231/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/005514.html
- "QuickFacts: United States"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219
- US Census Bureauhttps://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popproj/technical-documentation/methodology/methodstatement23.pdf
- Census.govhttps://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/research/modified-race-data.html
- Census.govhttps://www.census.gov/data/tables/2023/demo/popproj/2023-summary-tables.html
- Census.govhttps://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html
- census.govhttps://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf
- "Shades of Belonging"https://web.archive.org/web/20080528123221/http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf
- Houston Chroniclehttps://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Arab-Americans-others-of-Middle-Eastern-descent-14075860.php
- Census.govhttps://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html
- "B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE – United States – 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03002&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B03002&lastDisplayedRow=20&hidePreview=true&vintage=2018&layer=county&cid=B03002_001E&y=2018&table=B03002&g=0100000US
- 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimateshttps://archive.today/20100902082439/http://www.factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-reg=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201:400;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR:400;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T:400;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:400&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=
- "American FactFinder Help; Hispanic or Latino origin"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170524223029/https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/hispanic_or_latino_origin.htm
- "B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - United States - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B03001&hidePreview=true
- "Facts on Hispanics of Honduran origin in the United States, 2017"https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/fact-sheet/u-s-hispanics-facts-on-honduran-origin-latinos/
- Pew Research Centerhttps://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/09/18/how-the-u-s-hispanic-population-is-changing/
- "Projected Population of the United States, by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 to 2050"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306035846/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/natprojtab01a.pdf
- "US Census Press Releases"https://web.archive.org/web/20080313083717/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/001720.html
- "Race, Ethnicity, and Language data – Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement"https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/publications/files/iomracereport.pdf
- United States Census Bureauhttps://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf
- United States – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009 Archived February 11, 2020, at archive.today. Factfinder.cenhttp://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_DP5&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=
- American Community Survey Reportshttps://web.archive.org/web/20150209224630/http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acs-19.pdf
- United States Census Bureauhttps://web.archive.org/web/20120915180008/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn185.html
- factfinder2.census.govhttps://archive.today/20200212211647/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3&prodType=table
- "The size and regional distribution of the black population"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170004/http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/BlackWhite/BlackDiversityReport/black-diversity03.htm
- The Terrible Transformationhttps://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr2.html
- Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum Southhttps://books.google.com/books?id=tfHU4mOPMmMC
- The American revolution: a historyhttps://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti00gord
- Liberty! The American Revolution (Documentary) Episode II:Blows Must Decide: 1774–1776. ©1997 Twin Cities Public Televis
- Blacks in the American Revolutionhttps://books.google.com/books?id=Wk92AAAAMAAJ&q=Philip+S.+Foner+Blacks+in+the+Revolution
- Black Presencehttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/work_community/loyalists.htm
- Educational Broadcasting Corporationhttps://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/freedom/history.html
- ourdocuments.govhttps://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=40
- Office of the Clerkhttps://web.archive.org/web/20121211224758/http://baic.house.gov/historical-essays/essay.html?intID=3
- American Black Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=GuvsptYLFL4C&q=Jim+Crow+Laws+Reconstruction+African+Americans&pg=PA37
- We Shall Overcomehttps://web.archive.org/web/20080116174251/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/prize.htm
- "African Immigrants in the United States: Implications for Affirmative Action"http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=soc_las_pubs
- "Lewis Mumford Center Census 2000 Metropolitan Racial and Ethnic Change Series"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170004/https://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/BlackWhite/BlackDiversityReport/black-diversity03.htm
- "1. The Caribbean is the largest origin source of Black immigrants, but fastest growth is among African immigrants"https://www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2022/01/20/the-caribbean-is-the-largest-origin-source-of-black-immigrants-but-fastest-growth-is-among-african-immigrants/
- 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimateshttps://www.census.gov
- Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Projecthttps://www.pewsocialtrends.org/asianamericans-graphics/
- "10 Facts about Guyanese Immigrants in the US You Should Know"https://www.newsamericasnow.com/10-fast-facts-about-guyanese-immigrants-in-the-us-you-should-know/
- Census.govhttps://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-mena-population.html
- The Arab Americans
- "Demographics"https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/aai/pages/9843/attachments/original/1460668240/National_Demographic_Profile_2014.pdf?1460668240
- U.S. Census Bureauhttps://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/censr-21.pdf
- Arab American Institutehttps://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/aai/pages/9843/attachments/original/1432919063/quickfacts.pdf?1432919063
- Arab Americahttps://www.arabamerica.com/california/
- Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstreamhttps://archive.org/details/arabdetroitfromm00
- Arabs in Michigan
- "Lobbying for a 'MENA' category on U.S. Census" Wiltz, Teresea. USA Today. Published October 7, 2014. Accessed Decemberhttps://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/08/13/stateline-census-mena-africa-mideast/13999239/
- Haaretzhttps://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/.premium-1.661491
- "2015 National Content Test"https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/decennial/2020-census/2015_census_tests/nct/2015-nct-omb-package.pdf
- "2015 National Content Test"https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/decennial/2020-census/2015_census_tests/nct/2015-nct-omb-package.pdf
- The Jewish News of Northern Californiahttps://jweekly.com/2023/05/04/are-jews-white-proposed-census-change-wades-into-issue/
- United States Census Bureauhttps://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2024/04/updates-race-ethnicity-standards.html
- "Overview of 2020 AIAN Redistricting Data: 2020"https://web.archive.org/web/20220126061718/https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/research-data/prc-publications/Overview_of_2020_AIAN_Redistricting_Data_FINAL_8_13_2021.pdf
- The American Journal of Human Geneticshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289685
- The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/science/23andme-genetic-ethnicity-study.html
- PLOS Geneticshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6756731
- "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States"https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/2014_AJHG_Bryc_US_Ancestry_Concatenated_1.pdf
- Sharecropping: Slavery Rerouted کشت اشتراکی: تغییر مسیر بردهداری Retrieved 10 September 2025https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/harvest-sharecropping-slavery-rerouted//
- "Research Guides and Class Pages: Native American & Indigenous Studies: Cherokee"https://research.dom.edu/c.php?g=1098125&p=8021131#:~:text=Today%2C%20the%20Cherokee%20Nation%20is,reservation%20boundaries%20in%20northeastern%20Oklahoma.
- Oceti Sakowin Retrieved 10 September 2025https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oceti-Sakowin
- Ten Largest American Indian Tribesده قبیله بزرگ سرخپوستان آمریکا Retrieved 10 September 2025http://www.infoplease.com/us/race/ten-largest-american-indian-tribes
- Census.govhttps://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023/2020-census-detailed-dhc-file-a.html
- Washington Posthttps://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/27/native-americans-2020-census/
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03002&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US
- 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimateshttps://www.census.gov
- Population genetic structure and origins of Native Hawaiians in the multiethnic cohort study ساختار ژنتیکی جمعیت و ریشهhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23144833/
- Population Genetic Structure and Origins of Native Hawaiians in the Multiethnic Cohort Study ساختار ژنتیکی جمعیت و ریشهhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3492381/
- 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimateshttps://www.census.gov
- "The Two or More Races Population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief"https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-6.pdf
- Assimilation and ethnic marriage-squeeze in early 20th century America: A gender perspective جذب و محدودیت ازدواج قومی دhttps://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/42/4
- Demographic change and assimilation in the early 21st-century United States تغییر جمعیتی و جذب در ایالات متحده در اوایلhttps://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2118678119
- "Allen Turner"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002234040/http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/2000_Census_Files/Allen-Turner.doc
- Human Geneticshttps://homepages.uc.edu/~nortonhr/MoCHA/Publications_files/Shriver%20et%20el%202003.pdf
- "Robert Stuckert, "African Ancestry Of The White American Population""https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/4532/1/V58N03_155.pdf
- Human Geneticshttps://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-002-0818-z
- American Journal of Human Geneticshttps://web.archive.org/web/20090304020232/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/ParraAJHG1998.pdf
- American Journal of Human Geneticshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275602
- "The World Factbook – United States"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/
- The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States تبار ژنتیکی آمریکاییhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4289685/
- Intermarriage in the U.S. 50 Years After Loving v. Virginia ازدواج بین نژادی در ایالات متحده، ۵۰ سال پس از پرونده لاوینگhttps://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/05/18/intermarriage-in-the-u-s-50-years-after-loving-v-virginia/
- Genetic ancestry and population structure in the All of Us Research Program cohort تبار ژنتیکی و ساختار جمعیت در گروه بhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40319026/
- How does the U.S. Census Bureau define and collect data on ancestry? اداره سرشماری ایالات متحده چگونه دادههای مربوط بهhttps://www.census.gov/data/academy/resources/one-pagers/ancestry.html
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04007&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02018&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02017&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02019&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US
- censusreporter.orghttps://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04004&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US
- Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural Americahttps://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&q=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&pg=PA57
- Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991
- Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social
- Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites", Annals
- Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.