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RMS Lusitania

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RMS Lusitania

RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner launched by the Cunard Line in 1906 as a Royal Mail Ship. She was the world's largest passenger ship until the completion of her running mate Mauretania three months later. In 1907, she gained the Blue Riband appellation for the fastest Atlantic crossing, which had been held by German ships for a decade. Though reserved for conversion as an armed merchant cruiser, Lusitania was not commissioned as such during WWI but continued a transatlantic passenger service, sometimes carrying war materials, including a quantity of .303 ammunition, in her cargo. The German submarine U-20 hit her with a torpedo on 7 May 1915 at 14:10, 11 miles (18 km) off the Old Head of Kinsale, Ireland, leading to her sinking about 18 minutes later. Only six of several dozen lifeboats and rafts were successfully lowered; there were 767 survivors out of the 1,960 people on board, while 1,193 perished. The sinking killed more than a hundred US citizens and significantly increased American public support for entering the war, which occurred in 1917 with the United States declaration of war on Germany.

Infobox

Port of registry
Liverpool
Owner
Cunard Line
Acquired
26 August 1907
Installed power
25 fire-tube boilers; four direct-acting Parsons steam turbines producing 76,000 hp (57 MW)
Builder
John Brown & Co, Clydebank
Identification
UK official number 124082 code letters HLJW by 1913: wireless call sign MFA
Launched
7 June 1906
Namesake
Lusitania
Depth
56.6 ft (17.3 m)
Name
RMS Lusitania
Beam
87.8 ft (26.8 m)
Capacity
552 first class, 460 second class, 1,186 third class; 2,198 total.
In service
1907 – 1915
Propulsion
as built: four triple blade propellers from 1909: quadruple blade propellers
Height
65 ft (19.8 m) to boat deck, 165 ft (50.3 m) to aerials, 104 ft (31.7 m) from keel to top of boat deck, 144 ft (43.9 m) from keel to top of funnels
Route
Liverpool – Queenstown – New York
Notes
First British four-funnelled ocean liner
Crew
850
Decks
6 passenger decks, 10 overall
Maiden voyage
7 September 1907
Yard number
367
Christened
Mary, Lady Inverclyde
Draught
33.6 ft (10.2 m)
Fate
Torpedoed and sunk on 7 May 1915
Displacement
44,060 long tons (44,767.0 t)
Out of service
7 May 1915
Type
Ocean liner
Tonnage
31,550 GRT, 12,611 NRT
Laid down
17 August 1904
Length
787 ft (239.9 m) overall[a] 762.2 ft (232.3 m) registered

Tables

· External links
Preceded byDeutschland
Preceded byDeutschland
Records
Preceded byDeutschland
Records
Holder of the Blue Riband (Westbound record) 1907–1909
Records
Succeeded byMauretania
Preceded byKaiser Wilhelm II
Preceded byKaiser Wilhelm II
Records
Preceded byKaiser Wilhelm II
Records
Blue Riband (Eastbound record) 1907
Records
Preceded byDeutschland
Holder of the Blue Riband (Westbound record) 1907–1909
Succeeded byMauretania
Preceded byKaiser Wilhelm II
Blue Riband (Eastbound record) 1907

References

  1. The ship's overall length is often misquoted at either 785 or 790 feet.
  2. Referred to in Lusitania, by Preston (2002a), and Lusitania: An Illustrated Biography by Layton (2010).
  3. New photographic evidence presented in Lusitania: An Illustrated Biography.Layton (2010)
  4. From Beesly (1982, pp. 84–85): U-20 log entry transcript. Log first published in L'illustration in 1920
  5. From NY Times & 9 May 1915, p. 4); "Justification of the sinking of the liner Lusitania by German submarines as a man of
  6. Section 518 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c. 60) had originally applied to wrecks found or taken poss
  7. Atlantic Liners.
  8. The Lusitania Resource
    https://www.rmslusitania.info/lusitania/deck-plans/
  9. The Navy List For January 1915
    https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/97149221
  10. Bailey & Ryan 1975, p. 6.
  11. Conspiracies at Sea: Titanic and Lusitania
  12. "Lifeboats"
    https://www.rmslusitania.info/lifeboats/
  13. The Lusitania Resource
    https://www.rmslusitania.info/people/statistics/
  14. History
    https://www.history.com/news/how-the-sinking-of-lusitania-changed-wwi
  15. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
    https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/world-war-i-american-experiences/about-this-exhibition/arguing-over-war/for-or-against-war/sinking-of-the-lusitania/
  16. The Lost Ships of Robert Ballard
  17. Lusitania: Triumph, Tragedy and the End of the Edwardian Age
  18. Davidson 1997, p. 89.
  19. Butler 2003, p. 215.
  20. Carlisle 2009, p. 73.
  21. Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 1146.
  22. The Guardian & 1 May 2014.
  23. "Second U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania"
    https://www.rmslusitania.info/primary-docs/wilson-notes/us-protest-2/
  24. Ramsay 2001, pp. 6–10.
  25. J.P. Morgan and the Transportation Kings: The Titanic and Other Disasters
  26. Ramsay 2001, pp. 12–17.
  27. The Navy List for July 1908
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vNdGAQAAMAAJ&dq=lusitania&pg=PA416
  28. Venzon & Miles 1995, p. 357.
  29. Maritime Quest
    http://maritimequest.com/daily_event_archive/2005/june/26_lusitania_of_1871.htm
  30. The New York Times
    https://wrecksite.eu/docBrowser.aspx?1081%3F5%3F1
  31. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, p. 5.
  32. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 5–8.
  33. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 22–24.
  34. Ramsay 2001, p. 25.
  35. Ballard & Dunmore 1995, p. 45.
  36. Maxtone-Graham 1978, p. 33.
  37. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 18–20.
  38. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 20–21.
  39. Keeling 2013.
  40. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 21–22.
  41. Watt.
  42. Fox 2004, p. 403.
  43. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 10–11, 14.
  44. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 12–13.
  45. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, p. 13.
  46. Ramsay 2001, pp. 22–23.
  47. Lusitania An Illustrated Biography
  48. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002.
  49. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 25–27.
  50. Ramsay 2001, pp. 23–24.
  51. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 27–28.
  52. Titanic Inquiry.
  53. Layton 2010, p. 55.
  54. Hackett & Bedford 1996, p. 171.
  55. Simpson 1972, p. 159.
  56. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 29–31.
  57. Peeke, Jones & Walsh-Johnson 2002, pp. 32–34.
  58. New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957
  59. UK, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878–1960
  60. "The Hudson-Fulton celebration, 1909, the fourth annual report of the Hudson-Fulton celebration commission to the Legislature of the state of New York. Transmitted to the Legislature, May twentieth, nineteen ten"
    https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092228497/cu31924092228497_djvu.txt
  61. The First Aerial Canoe: Wilbur Wright and the Hudson-Fulton Flights
    http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=following
  62. The J. Paul Getty Museum
    http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/84092/hawley-c-white-company-the-half-moon-passing-the-great-steamship-lusitania-hudson-fulton-celebration-new-york-usa-about-1903/
  63. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1910/01/16/archives/lusitania-battered-by-80foot-wave-wheel-house-of-giant-cunarder.html
  64. "Lusitania"
    http://thegreatoceanliners.com/articles/lusitania/
  65. Scientific American. January 2010, quoting a 1910 issue of Scientific American, at "the Encounter of RMS Lusitania", Fre
  66. Jane's Fighting Ships 1914
  67. Bailey & Ryan 1975, p. 5–6.
  68. Bailey & Ryan 1975, p. 14–21.
  69. Preston 2002b, p. 439.
  70. University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/3307534
  71. Liverpool Daily Post
    https://newspapers.com/article/liverpool-daily-post-lusitania-sails-al/135072835/
  72. Layton 2010.
  73. Captain Dow; alternate photograph wikicommons
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capt._Dow_LCCN2014698520.jpg
  74. My Three Years in America
    https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/30865/pg30865-images.html
  75. Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality 1914-1915
  76. The Times
    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS168232008/TTDA?u=nl_earl&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=a51935c2
  77. Bailey & Ryan 1975, p. 53.
  78. Beesly 1982, p. 95.
  79. Preston 2002a, pp. 76–77.
  80. Preston 2002b, pp. 91–92.
  81. The Lusitania Resource
    https://www.rmslusitania.info/people/deck/william-turner/
  82. Dead Wake
  83. Simpson & 13 October 1972, p. 69.
  84. Butler 2003, p. 213.
  85. The Washington Times
    http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1915-05-01/ed-1/seq-1/#words=warned+German+EMBASSY+Warns+warnings+embassy+GERMAN+Embassy+Warned+warning
  86. Preston 2002b, pp. 216–217.
  87. Military History Now
    https://militaryhistorynow.com/2016/09/14/lusitania-down-survivor-recalls-ocean-liners-terrifying-final-minutes/
  88. The Pantagraph
    https://www.pantagraph.com/news/pfop-lusitania-sinking-claimed-life-of-famed-local-elbert-hubbard/article_1ffe7561-ffcb-5608-900d-6c9fae3f5371.html
  89. The New York Times
    https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-may-08-1915-p-1/
  90. Jones 2001, p. 78.
  91. von Bernstorff 1920, pp. 36–57.
  92. Halsey 1919, p. 255.
  93. Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality 1914-1915
  94. Bailey & Ryan 1975, p. 10.
  95. NY Times & 10 May 1915.
  96. Doswald-Beck & 31 December 1995, p. 124.
  97. Ciment & Russell 2007, p. 379.
  98. Rea & Wright 1997, p. 196.
  99. German Studies Review
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/40574799
  100. The World War and American isolationism
  101. Quinn 2001, pp. 54–55.
  102. Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 1413.
  103. Brune 2003, p. 265.
  104. Sondhaus 2011, p. 276.
  105. Brune 2003, p. 365.
  106. Jones 2001, p. 73.
  107. Paterson et al 2009, p. 73.
  108. International law, German submarines and American policy
  109. Zieger 1972, pp. 24–25.
  110. Brune 2003, p. 366.
  111. Politische Dokumente vol 2
  112. The Sword and the Scepter vol III: The tragedy of statesmanship
  113. CurrHist, pp. 996–1004.
  114. Gardiner, Gray & Budzbon 1985, p. 137.
  115. Protasio 2011, pp. 200–201.
  116. The Seattle Star, 23 February, 1924, p. 2.
  117. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-32414157
  118. Cunard Line.
  119. Bishop 2003.
  120. Martin, J.B., (2018), "Protecting Outstanding Underwater Cultural Heritage through the World Heritage Convention: The Ti
  121. Evening Post & 15 January 1932.
  122. Popular Mechanics & February 1932.
  123. Corey 1938, p. 295.
  124. Esquire
    https://classic.esquire.com/article/1936/12/01/finding-the-lusitania
  125. Coast Monkey
    https://coastmonkey.ie/lusitania-discover/
  126. Palmer & McKendrick 1998, p. 379.
  127. NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law
  128. Robert Ballard's Lusitania : probing the mysteries of the sinking that changed history
  129. Rogers & March–April 2005.
  130. Sharrock 2007.
  131. Sides & Goodwin Sides 2009.
  132. Shortall & 20 July 2008.
  133. Goodwin Sides & 22 November 2008.
  134. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/9366985/British-not-to-blame-for-rapid-sinking-and-loss-of-life-on-liner-RMS-Lusitania-find-underwater-researchers.html
  135. Independent.ie
    https://www.independent.ie/breaking-news/irish-news/lusitania-telegraph-machine-lost-during-unsupervised-dive-35494223.html
  136. Belfasttelegraph
    https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/lusitania-telegraph-machine-lost-during-unsupervised-dive-35494227.html
  137. "Sinking of RMS Lusitania – 2018 Radio Interview with Gregg Bemis on Lusitania"
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-NL6k13VOE
  138. Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2020/05/25/gregg-bemis-flamboyant-millionaire-bought-wreck-lusitania/
  139. The Irish Times
    https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/man-airlifted-to-hospital-after-diving-on-lusitania-wreck-1.3980739
  140. www.lusitania.net
    http://www.lusitania.net/lastrestingplace.htm
  141. "Diving on the Lusitania – Irish Maritime History"
    https://lugnad.ie/diving-on-the-lusitania/
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