-
Chenhan (宸翰) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works
-
She is the only Qing Empress who did not receive a posthumous name.
-
Her maiden clan is a matter of debate, either Ula-Nara or Hoifa-Nara.
-
The fictional Fragrant Concubine (香妃; Xiang Fei) is based on her.
-
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/arts/design/01forb.html -
ecph-china
https://www.berkshirepublishing.com/ecph-china/2017/12/31/qianlong-emperor-of-the-qing-dynasty-1711-1799/ -
www.britannica.com
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Qianlong/Contributions-to-the-arts -
Humanities LibreTexts
https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Book%3A_History_of_World_Civilization_II-2_(Lumen)/06%3A_4%3A_East_Asia/06.7%3A_Qing_Dynasty%3A_Yongzheng -
Paul Fraser Collectibles
https://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/blogs/art-photography/the-story-of-the-qianlong-emperors-collection -
"Qing Dynasty: Qianlong"
https://web.archive.org/web/20250713050906/https://library.achievingthedream.org/tccworldciv2/chapter/qing-dynasty-qianlong/ -
大清高宗純皇帝乾隆
-
汉光武帝刘秀百谜/中国帝王百谜系列/ "Enigma of the Emperor Guang of Han Liu Xiubai/100 Secrets of the Chinese Emperors"
-
三春爭及初春景/Fight in the spring scenery
-
10 great writers of China. Cao Xueqin / 中国十大文豪曹雪芹
-
en.dpm.org.cn
https://web.archive.org/web/20210411205748/https://en.dpm.org.cn/EXPLORE/ming-qing/2015-02-06/15.html -
《高宗純皇帝實錄》
-
"Real Qianlong"
-
The art of weaving in the Qing. Chunfeng Cultural Press
-
《高宗純皇帝實錄》
-
The Historical Journal
https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X2300050X -
Millward 2024
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/how-chinese-dynasties-periodization-works-with-the-tribute-system-and-sinicization-to-erase-diversity-and-euphemize-colonialism-in-historiography-of-china/8673E04413865EE65B2C192FC8F90341 -
Teng, Emma Jinhua (2006). Taiwan’s Imagined Geography, Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683–1895. Harvard
-
Land of Strangers, The Civilizing Project in Qing Central Asia
-
Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: Be
-
聖武記
-
Perdue 2005, p. 287.
-
Clarke 2004, p. 37.
-
War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)
https://books.google.com/books?id=DUodAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 -
Manchu Studies Group
http://www.manchustudiesgroup.org/2012/12/18/manchu-hymn-chanted-at-the-occasion-of-the-victory-over-the-jinchuan-rebels/ -
Class of 1761
https://books.google.com/books?id=I5a5J3ydmQQC&q=zhao+yi+dzungar&pg=PA180 -
Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798)
https://books.google.com/books?id=oFlcAgAAQBAJ&q=zhao+yi+dzungar&pg=PA444 -
The Poet Zheng Zhen (1806-1864) and the Rise of Chinese Modernity
https://books.google.com/books?id=WtMY9WdY3kYC&q=zhao+yi+dzungar&pg=PA394 -
War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)
https://books.google.com/books?id=DUodAAAAQBAJ&q=zhao+yi+dzungar&pg=PA32 -
A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785
https://books.google.com/books?id=X9lwAAAAMAAJ&q=zhao+yi+dzungar -
Damals
-
Petech 1972, p. 207.
-
Petech 1972, p. 256.
-
Newby 2005.
-
Millward 2007.
-
From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China
-
Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier
-
Burma
-
Dai, p.145
-
Modern Asian Studies
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876499 -
Modern East Asia: A Brief History
-
Millward 1998, p. 124.
-
Newby 2005, p. 39.
-
Journal of Intercultural Studies
https://web.archive.org/web/20190601180055/http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/81009892.pdf -
Millward 2007, p. 108.
-
Millward 2007, p. 109.
-
Millward 1998, pp. 206–207.
-
The Search for Modern China
-
Freer Sackler
https://web.archive.org/web/20140816164312/http://asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectNumber=F2000.4 -
"China: The Three Emperors 1662–1795"
https://web.archive.org/web/20051212173503/http://www.threeemperors.org.uk/index.php?pid=19 -
Icon
https://www.wmf.org/publication/icon-winter-2003 -
Built Heritage
https://doi.org/10.1186%2FBF03545700 -
Asia Major
https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4482 -
China.org.cn
http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2011-11/11/content_23885318_10.htm -
Woodside (2002), p. 290.
-
Guy (1987), p. 167.
-
Guy (1987), p. 166.
-
Elliott (2000), p. 615-617.
-
Elliott (2009), p. 5.
-
Elliott (2009), p. 57.
-
Elliott (2009), p. 145.
-
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&pg=PA123 -
Berger 2003, p. 34.
https://books.google.com/books?id=BsyFU9FwCIkC&pg=PA34 -
Lopez 1999, p. 20.
https://books.google.com/books?id=mjUHF7kQfVAC&pg=PA20 -
Berger 2003, p. 35.
https://books.google.com/books?id=BsyFU9FwCIkC&pg=PA35 -
Elverskog 2010, pp. 244–245.
https://archive.org/details/JohanElverskogBuddhismAndIslamOnTheSilkRoad/page/n249 -
Elverskog 2010, pp. 246–247.
https://archive.org/details/JohanElverskogBuddhismAndIslamOnTheSilkRoad/page/n251 -
Elverskog 2010, pp. 250–251.
https://archive.org/details/JohanElverskogBuddhismAndIslamOnTheSilkRoad/page/n255 -
Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
https://uw.manifoldapp.org/read/b1e86876-32e9-40cd-a327-1c580b063bbd/section/f009a061-483a-4284-86bd-8459d7cc5b92 -
Defending Christianity in China: The Jesuit Defense of Christianity in the "Lettres Edifiantes Et Curieuses" & "Ruijianlu" in Relation to the Yongzheng Proscription of 1724
-
Rawski 1998, pp. 23–24.
-
Yonghegong: Imperial Universalism and the Art And Architecture of Beijing's "Lama Temple"
https://www.academia.edu/10031236 -
Palace Museum, Beijing
https://web.archive.org/web/20140225131259/http://www.dpm.org.cn/shtml/117/@/118819.html -
World Digital Library
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7718/ -
A History of Chinese Civilization
https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0 -
理论界
https://web.archive.org/web/20200731005349/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-LLJJ201201038.htm -
Crossley 2000, pp. 55–56.
-
Elliott (2001), pp. 184–186.
-
Crossley 2000, p. 291.
-
Crossley 2000, p. 293.
-
Elliott 2001, p. [page needed].
-
Elliott 2001, p. 84.
-
Crossley 2000, p. 128.
-
Crossley 2000, pp. 103–105.
-
Baidu
https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/84183523.html -
51cto.com
http://blog.51cto.com/sky66/1741624 -
Sohu.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20190404091525/http://yukunid.blog.sohu.com/16777875.html -
Sina.cn
https://web.archive.org/web/20190702035654/http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_6277172c0100hfb3.html -
Manchu Studies Group
http://www.manchustudiesgroup.org/2013/03/09/the-solon-way-2012-edition/ -
Taiwan's Imagined Geography, Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683–1895
-
Zhao 2006, p. 7.
https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf -
Zhao 2006, p. 4.
https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf -
Millward 1998, p. 25.
-
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 504.
-
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 505.
-
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 506.
-
Scharping 1998, p. 18.
http://www.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/chinastudien/papers/No_1998-1.pdf -
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 507.
-
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 508.
-
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 509.
-
A Narrative of the British Embassy to China, in the Years 1792, 1793, and 1794; Containing the Various Circumstances of the Embassy, with Accounts of Customs and Manners of the Chinese
https://books.google.com/books?id=foteAAAAcAAJ&q=five+fee+ten+inches -
Palace Museum, Beijing
https://web.archive.org/web/20080424095218/http://www.dpm.org.cn/China/phoweb/ExpertsPage/1/E459.htm -
Newby 2005, p. 34.
-
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341605 -
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 716-717.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 717-718.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 708.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 718-720.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 720-724.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 724-726.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 726-729.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 729-730.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 730-732.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 732.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 733.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 733-734.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 734.
-
Eijk & Khan 2023, p. 734-735.
-
Newby 2005, p. 43.
-
Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market
https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC -
The American Historical Review
https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:774c2dfc-2d31-48c4-a41e-1fab73655014 -
The Immobile Empire
-
Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking
https://web.archive.org/web/20170305074730/http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/China/208/READINGS/qianlong.html -
Harrison (2017), p. 690.
-
Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney, with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806
https://web.archive.org/web/20181006125004/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B36599578/ -
Missed Opportunities: Late 18th century Chinese Relations with England and the Netherlands
-
T'oung Pao
https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853238X00027 -
Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795
https://web.archive.org/web/20090215094026/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B2962471X/ -
van Braam, An authentic account..., Vol. I (1798 English edition) pp. 283–288.
-
World Monuments Fund
http://www.wmf.org/project/juanqinzhai-qianlong-garden -
Palace Museum, Beijing
https://web.archive.org/web/20081022020753/http://www.dpm.org.cn/China/phoweb/ExpertsPage/1/E460.htm -
www.360doc.com
http://www.360doc.com/content/24/1125/22/18841360_1140416434.shtml -
www.360doc.com
http://www.360doc.com/content/24/1125/22/18841360_1140416434.shtml
