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Purim

Updated: Wikipedia source

Purim

Purim (Hebrew: פּוּרִים , lit. 'lots') is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the saving of the Jewish people from annihilation at the hands of an official of the Achaemenid Empire named Haman, as it is recounted in the Book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman was the royal vizier to the Persian king Ahasuerus (Xerxes I or Artaxerxes I; Khshayarsha and Artakhsher in Old Persian, respectively). His plans were foiled by Mordecai of the tribe of Benjamin, who previously warned the king about an assassination attempt, and Esther, Mordecai's cousin and adopted daughter who had become queen of Persia after her marriage to Ahasuerus. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing among Jews. Although traditionally viewed as a historical document, modern scholarship generally regards the Book of Esther as a historical novel with legendary elements, not a reliable account of Purim’s origins. According to the Scroll of Esther, "they should make them days of feasting and gladness, and of sending portions one to another, and gifts to the poor". Purim is celebrated among Jews by:

Exchanging gifts of food and drink, known as mishloach manot Donating charity to the poor, known as mattanot la-evyonim Eating a celebratory meal with alcoholic beverages, known as se'udat Purim or "Mishteh" Public recitation of the Scroll of Esther (קריאת מגילת אסתר kriat megillat Esther), or "reading of the Megillah", usually in synagogue Reciting additions to the daily prayers and the grace after meals, known as Al HaNissim Applying henna (Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews) Other customs include wearing masks and costumes, public celebrations and parades (Adloyada), eating hamantashen (transl. "Haman's pockets"), and drinking wine. According to the Hebrew calendar, Purim is celebrated annually on the 14th day of the Hebrew month of Adar (and it is celebrated in Adar II in Hebrew leap years, which occur 7 times in every 19 years), the day following the victory of the Jews over their enemies, the 13th of Adar, a date now observed in most years with the fast of Esther. In cities that were protected by a surrounding wall at the time of Joshua, Purim is celebrated on the 15th of the month of Adar on what is known as Shushan Purim, since fighting in the walled city of Shushan continued through the 14th day of Adar. Today, only in Jerusalem is Purim observed on the 15th, and in several other biblical settlements (such as Hebron and Shilo) it is celebrated on both dates because of doubts regarding their status as cities surrounded by a wall since the days of Joshua. Some also celebrate both in Prague and Baghdad.

Infobox

Type
Jewish
Significance
Celebration of Jewish deliverance as told in the Book of Esther (megillah)
Celebrations
mw- Listening to the Book of Esther in synagogue;sending food parcels and giving charity;dressing up in costume;eating a festive meal;parties and parades (Adloyada);drinking alcoholic beverages, especially wine
Date
14th day of Adar (in Jerusalem and all ancient walled cities, 15th of Adar)
2024 date
Sunset, 23 March –nightfall, 24 March
2025 date
Sunset, 13 March –nightfall, 14 March
2026 date
Sunset, 2 March –nightfall, 3 March
2027 date
Sunset, 22 March –nightfall, 23 March
Frequency
Annual
Started by
Esther
Related to
Hanukkah, Day of Salvation and Liberation, as a rabbinically decreed Jewish holiday

Tables

· Observances › Reading of the Megillah › Blessings before Megillah reading
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על מקרא מגלה
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על מקרא מגלה
Hebrew
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על מקרא מגלה
English
Blessed are You, My LORD, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us regarding the reading of the Megillah.
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שעשה נסים לאבותינו בימים ההם בזמן הזה
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שעשה נסים לאבותינו בימים ההם בזמן הזה
Hebrew
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שעשה נסים לאבותינו בימים ההם בזמן הזה
English
Blessed are You, My LORD, our God, King of the universe, Who has wrought miracles for our forefathers, in those days at this season.
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שהחינו וקימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שהחינו וקימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
Hebrew
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שהחינו וקימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
English
Blessed are You, My LORD, our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, sustained us and brought us to this season.
Hebrew
English
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על מקרא מגלה
Blessed are You, My LORD, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us regarding the reading of the Megillah.
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שעשה נסים לאבותינו בימים ההם בזמן הזה
Blessed are You, My LORD, our God, King of the universe, Who has wrought miracles for our forefathers, in those days at this season.
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שהחינו וקימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
Blessed are You, My LORD, our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, sustained us and brought us to this season.
· Observances › Reading of the Megillah › Blessing and recitations after Megillah reading
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם האל הרב את ריבנו והדן את דיננו והנוקם את נקמתינו והמשלם גמול לכל איבי נפשנו והנפרע לנו מצרינו ברוך אתה יי הנפרע לעמו ישראל מכל צריהם האל המושיע
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם האל הרב את ריבנו והדן את דיננו והנוקם את נקמתינו והמשלם גמול לכל איבי נפשנו והנפרע לנו מצרינו ברוך אתה יי הנפרע לעמו ישראל מכל צריהם האל המושיע
Hebrew
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם האל הרב את ריבנו והדן את דיננו והנוקם את נקמתינו והמשלם גמול לכל איבי נפשנו והנפרע לנו מצרינו ברוך אתה יי הנפרע לעמו ישראל מכל צריהם האל המושיע
English
Blessed are You, My LORD, our God, King of the Universe, (the God) Who takes up our grievance, judges our claim, avenges our wrong; Who brings just retribution upon all enemies of our soul and exacts vengeance for us from our foes. Blessed are You My LORD, Who exacts vengeance for His people Israel from all their foes, the God Who brings salvation.
Hebrew
English
ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם האל הרב את ריבנו והדן את דיננו והנוקם את נקמתינו והמשלם גמול לכל איבי נפשנו והנפרע לנו מצרינו ברוך אתה יי הנפרע לעמו ישראל מכל צריהם האל המושיע
Blessed are You, My LORD, our God, King of the Universe, (the God) Who takes up our grievance, judges our claim, avenges our wrong; Who brings just retribution upon all enemies of our soul and exacts vengeance for us from our foes. Blessed are You My LORD, Who exacts vengeance for His people Israel from all their foes, the God Who brings salvation.
· Observances › Reading of the Megillah › Blessing and recitations after Megillah reading
שושנת יעקב צהלה ושמחה בראותם יחד תכלת מרדכי. תשועתם היית לנצח ותקותם בכל דור ודור. להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו ולא יכלמו לנצח כל החוסים בך. ארור המן אשר בקש לאבדי ברוך מרדכי היהודי. ארורה זרש אשת מפחידי ברוכה אסתר בעדי וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב
שושנת יעקב צהלה ושמחה בראותם יחד תכלת מרדכי. תשועתם היית לנצח ותקותם בכל דור ודור. להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו ולא יכלמו לנצח כל החוסים בך. ארור המן אשר בקש לאבדי ברוך מרדכי היהודי. ארורה זרש אשת מפחידי ברוכה אסתר בעדי וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב
Hebrew
שושנת יעקב צהלה ושמחה בראותם יחד תכלת מרדכי. תשועתם היית לנצח ותקותם בכל דור ודור. להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו ולא יכלמו לנצח כל החוסים בך. ארור המן אשר בקש לאבדי ברוך מרדכי היהודי. ארורה זרש אשת מפחידי ברוכה אסתר בעדי וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב
English
To make known that all who hope in You will not be shamed (להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו); nor ever be humiliated, those taking refuge in You. Accursed be Haman who sought to destroy me, blessed be Mordechai the Yehudi. Accursed be Zeresh the wife of my terrorizer, blessed be Esther who sacrificed for me—and Charvonah, too, be remembered for good (וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב) [for suggesting to the King that Haman be hanged on the gallows.]
Hebrew
English
שושנת יעקב צהלה ושמחה בראותם יחד תכלת מרדכי. תשועתם היית לנצח ותקותם בכל דור ודור. להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו ולא יכלמו לנצח כל החוסים בך. ארור המן אשר בקש לאבדי ברוך מרדכי היהודי. ארורה זרש אשת מפחידי ברוכה אסתר בעדי וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב
To make known that all who hope in You will not be shamed (להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו); nor ever be humiliated, those taking refuge in You. Accursed be Haman who sought to destroy me, blessed be Mordechai the Yehudi. Accursed be Zeresh the wife of my terrorizer, blessed be Esther who sacrificed for me—and Charvonah, too, be remembered for good (וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב) [for suggesting to the King that Haman be hanged on the gallows.]

References

  1. see Name below
  2. From the Hebrew word פור (pur), translated as 'lot' in the Book of Esther, perhaps related to Akkadian pūrum (𒎎𒁓, lit.
  3. A children's song called "Light, Gladness, Joy, Honor," based on the previously-mentioned Esther 8:16 quote, is sung in
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  101. www.chabad.org
    https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1638318/jewish/What-Are-Kreplach.htm
  102. The Old Sephardi Yishuv in Eretz Israel
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  103. Ari Jacobs & Abe Lederer (2013), Purim: Its Laws, Customs and Meaning, Jerusalem, Israel: Targum Press. p. 158.
  104. zserbo.com
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  105. Jewish Holidays
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  106. www.kosher.com
    https://www.kosher.com/lifestyle/purim-traditions-youve-never-heard-of-613
  107. Israel National News
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  108. Jewish Encyclopedia
    http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=673&letter=S
  109. And From Jerusalem, His Word
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mxf2QDFNvcYC&pg=233
  110. "Why I Observe Two Days of Purim"
    https://hirhurim.blogspot.com/2010/02/why-i-observe-two-days-of-purim.html
  111. Jewish Holidays
    https://www.ou.org/holidays/the-case-for-observing-purim-on-both-the-14th-and-15th-of-adar-in-beit-shemesh-and-ramat-beit-shemesh/#_ftn54
  112. "זמני הפורים בישובים החדשים ביהודה, שומרון ובארץ בנימין / יואל אליצור"
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  113. "Purim Meshulash"
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  114. www.chabad.org
    https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1522/jewish/When-Shushan-Purim-Is-on-Shabbat.htm
  115. Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayyim 688:6
  116. The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash of Yeshivat Har Etzion
    http://etzion.org.il/en/concise-guide-laws-purim-meshulash
  117. www.hebcal.com
    https://www.hebcal.com/holidays/purim-meshulash
  118. Megillah 1/46b; compare Orach Chayim 697.
  119. Mishna brura
    https://books.google.com/books?id=P117Lc2t41sC&q=purim+katan+fasting&pg=PA369
  120. Schnettger, Matthias. "Review of: Rivka Ulmer: Turmoil, Trauma, and Triumph. The Fettmilch Uprising in Frankfurt am Main
    http://www.sehepunkte.de/2002/07/3792.html
  121. "This Day in Jewish History: Adar"
    http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/bhyom/hebrew/adar.htm
  122. "It Happened Today"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071024043111/http://listserv.shamash.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind05&L=DAF-HASHAVUA&P=999
  123. Rosenstein, Neil: The Feast and the Fast (1984)
  124. the Jewish Community of Hebron
    http://en.hebron.org.il/news/382
  125. www.chabad.org
    http://www.chabad.org/kids/article_cdo/aid/1380/jewish/Purim-Hebron.htm
  126. Folktales of the Jews, Volume 1: Tales from the Sephardic Dispersion
    https://books.google.com/books?id=eKceGfr-al4C&pg=PA25
  127. "When is Purim Observed?"
    https://www.ou.org/holidays/purim/when_is_purim_observed/
  128. www.chabad.org
    http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/644254/jewish/Other-Purims.htm
  129. "Gunpowder Purim"
    http://www.jewishtreats.org/2011/12/gunpowder-purim.html
  130. Landmark Speeches of National Socialism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=J_YtNQB8IksC&pg=91
  131. 20th Century Jewish Religious Thought: Original Essays on Critical Concepts, Movements, and Beliefs
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UIvoSclpuAUC&pg=948
  132. Reckless rites: Purim and the legacy of Jewish violence
  133. Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust
    https://books.google.com/books?id=SAQ94hR-YxQC&q=In+1942%2C+on+Purim%2C+the+Nazis+killed+over+5000+Jews&pg=PA244
  134. "MARKING THE HOLIDAY OF PURIM. Before, During and After the Holocaust" Archived 11 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, a
    https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/purim/index.asp
  135. "The Execution of Nazi War Criminals"
    http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/NurembergNews10_16_46.html
  136. www.sefaria.org.il
    https://www.sefaria.org.il/Megillah.16a.11?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en
  137. French bestseller unravels Nazi propagandist's cryptic last words about Purim Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machi
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-best-seller-unravels-nazis-cryptic-last-words-about-purim/
  138. "Purim"
    http://www.jewfaq.org/holiday9.htm
  139. The Soviet government and the Jews, 1948–1967: a documented study
  140. The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
    https://archive.org/details/secretfilejoseph00brac
  141. Derher
    https://derher.org/wp-content/uploads/29-adar-5775-06.pdf
  142. "With Book and Bottle, Hasidic Jews Mark Purim on Israel's Fronts"
    https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/27/archives/with-book-and-bottle-hasidic-jews-mark-purim-on-israels-fronts.html?searchResultPosition=129
  143. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/event/Persian-Gulf-War
  144. The New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast)
    https://www.proquest.com/docview/108777495
  145. Time
    https://archive.today/20090416213447/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,980291-1,00.html
  146. Mother Jones
    https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/11/benjamin-netanyahu-amalek-israel-palestine-gaza-saul-samuel-old-testament/
  147. Jewish Telegraphic Agency
    https://www.jta.org/1996/03/05/jewish-holidays/purim/behind-the-headlines-a-year-without-purim-no-parades-only-funerals
  148. Israeli Ministry Warns of ‘Panic-Inducing’ Purim Costumes Archived 22 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine, JNS, February 2
    https://www.jns.org/israeli-ministry-warns-of-panic-inducing-purim-costumes/
  149. The Bible in Motion: A Handbook of the Bible and Its Reception in Film
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MtcXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120
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