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In addition to $100,000 in travel reimbursement, $19,000 for entertainment and $50,000 for additional expenses.
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The informal term POTUS originated in the Phillips Code, a shorthand method created in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips for th
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The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and served for th
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Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms, and Donald Trump is currently serving his second non-consecutive term
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Nearly all scholars rank Lincoln among the nation's top three presidents, with many placing him first. See Historical ra
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See List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin.
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Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected for a second term as part of the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew
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Former Democrat John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840. Tyler's policy pri
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Democrat Andrew Johnson was elected vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in
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The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/1891/08/02/archives/how-to-address-the-president-he-is-not-your-excellency-or-your.html -
"USGS Correspondence Handbook—Chapter 4"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html -
"Models of Address and Salutation"
https://web.archive.org/web/20100720073107/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm -
"Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs", Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations. Retr
https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf -
"Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner"
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim -
"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resol
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/18/420/#422 -
Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788
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"March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history"
https://web.archive.org/web/20180224184927/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics -
"Presidential Election of 1789"
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/ -
"Here's the last time the president of the United States got a raise"
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/16/how-much-the-president-on-the-united-states-gets-paid.html -
Safire's Political Dictionary
https://books.google.com/books?id=q6ARDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA564 -
Proceedings of the American Political Science Association
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3038511 -
Time
https://time.com/6096903/september-11-legal-history/ -
"Presidential Power Surges"
https://hls.harvard.edu/today/presidential-power-surges/ -
Time
https://time.com/4657665/steve-bannon-donald-trump/ -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world -
Newsweek
https://www.newsweek.com/meacham-history-power-83117 -
The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/trump-free-world-leader/514232/ -
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716288499001002 -
"Grover Cleveland—24"
https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/grover-cleveland-24/ -
"Trump wins the White House in political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters"
https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 -
The American Presidency: Origins and Development
https://books.google.com/books?id=KkUvAAAAYAAJ -
The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development
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"Articles of Confederation, 1777–1781"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090204233742/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/Articles -
Founding the American Presidency
https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmeEcpEvlsC -
Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution
https://archive.org/details/plainhonestmenm00beem -
Miller Center
https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-in-brief -
"Presidential Precedents"
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-precedents/ -
"How the Rivalry Between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton Changed History"
https://time.com/4210440/jefferson-hamilton-excerpt/ -
"On This Day: The first bitter, contested presidential election takes place"
https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/on-this-day-the-first-bitter-contested-presidential-election-takes-place -
"The Most Consequential Elections in History: Andrew Jackson and the Election of 1828"
https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/08/20/the-most-consequential-elections-in-history-andrew-jackson-and-the-election-of-1828 -
"Martin Van Buren's legacy: Expert politician, mediocre president"
https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/martin-van-burens-legacy-was-more-than-just-muttonchops-2/ -
University of Virginia, Miller Center
https://millercenter.org/president/tyler/impact-and-legacy -
"Seven Presidents Served in the 20 Years Before the Civil War"
https://www.thoughtco.com/presidents-before-the-civil-war-1773447 -
Essential Civil War Curriculum
https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-great-triumvirate.html -
"'Do not trust in princes': the limits of politics"
https://www.ncronline.org/news/politics/do-not-trust-princes-limits-politics -
"Lincoln's War Powers: Part Constitution, Part Trust"
https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/lincolns_war_powers_part_constitution_part_trust -
"Was Lincoln a Tyrant?"
https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/25/was-lincoln-a-tyrant/ -
University of Virginia, Miller Center
https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/campaigns-and-elections -
"The man whose impeachment vote saved Andrew Johnson"
https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-man-whose-impeachment-vote-saved-andrew-johnson -
"The Debate Over Executive Orders Began With Teddy Roosevelt's Mad Passion for Conservation"
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-theodore-roosevelts-executive-orders-reshaped-countryand-presidency-180962908/ -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/political-bookworm/post/the-inevitability-of-the-imperial-presidency/2011/04/22/AFTRBoPE_blog.html -
"Senate rejects League of Nations, Nov. 19, 2019"
https://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/senate-rejects-league-of-nations-nov-19-1919-113006 -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/13/if-we-werent-so-obsessed-with-warren-g-hardings-sex-life-wed-realize-he-was-a-pretty-good-president/ -
Prologue Magazine
https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/hoover-1.html -
The Imperial Presidency
https://archive.org/details/imperialpresiden00schl -
Chapman Law Review
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3123894 -
"A Year Before His Presidential Debate, JFK Foresaw How TV Would Change Politics"
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-jfk-had-say-about-tv-politics-180967172/ -
"See How JFK Created a Presidency for the Television Age"
https://time.com/4795637/jfk-television/ -
"When Congress won the American people's respect: Watergate"
https://www.legbranch.org/2018-4-25-when-congress-won-the-american-peoples-respect-watergate/ -
"Lessons From Watergate"
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2018/07/30/454058/lessons-from-watergate/ -
87 Stat. 555, 559–560.
https://legislink.org/us/stat-87-555 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/08/archives/house-and-senate-override-veto-by-nixon-on-curb-of-war-powers.html -
"Budget and Impoundment Control Act becomes law, July 12, 1974"
https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/12/budget-and-impoundment-control-act-becomes-law-july-12-1974-240372 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/28/archives/presidency-is-found-weaker-under-ford-curbs-on-exerting-power-seen.html -
"What Made Reagan a Truly Great Communicator"
https://web.archive.org/web/20180615012306/https://www.heritage.org/conservatism/commentary/what-made-reagan-truly-great-communicator -
"What Reagan Learned from FDR"
https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/159389 -
Foreign Affairs
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1992-09-01/americas-first-post-cold-war-president -
Barber, Michael; McCarty, Nolan (2013), Causes and Consequences of Polarization Archived January 14, 2021, at the Waybac
https://www.apsanet.org/portals/54/Files/Task%20Force%20Reports/Chapter2Mansbridge.pdf -
The Forum
https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ffor-2014-0023 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html -
HuffPost
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-conquest-of-president_b_120582 -
Utne Reader
http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx -
"Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite"
http://www.jhunewsletter.com/2007/09/26/critical-of-presidency-prof-ginsberg-and-crenson-unite-18626/ -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html -
Los Angeles Times
http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/politics/26activist.html -
The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/95/recommendations-clause -
White House
https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-legislative-branch/ -
R42843 · Version 14 · updated
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42843.pdf -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html -
"President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070321035900/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html -
The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/96/convening-of-congress -
Time
https://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,2009480,00.html -
"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3 -
whitehouse.gov
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch -
"Presidentially Appointed Positions"
https://presidentialtransition.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/12/Presidentially-Appointed-Positions.pdf -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2020/biden-appointee-tracker/ -
See Shurtleff v. United States, 189 U.S. 311 (1903); Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926).
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/189/311/ -
See Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935) and Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988), respectively.
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/295/602/ -
"Executive Summary: The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives"
https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030907/http://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/executive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential -
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936), characterized the President as the "sole organ of the
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/299/304/ -
Zivotofsky v. Kerry, 576 U.S. ___ (2015).
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National Constitution Center Educational Resources (some internal navigation required)
https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/commander-in-chief-clause-ramsey-and-vladeck/clause/25 -
Hamilton, Alexander. The Federalist #69 (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.
http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm -
"The National War Powers Commission Report"
https://web.archive.org/web/20101126165009/http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report -
Time
https://web.archive.org/web/20080107101712/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article -
Andrew J. Polsky, Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War (Oxford University Press, 2012) online review
https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=37003 -
"George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief"
http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/summer12/george.cfm -
James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln As Commander in Chief (2009)
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United States Department of Defense
https://web.archive.org/web/20110513070316/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398 -
10 U.S.C. § 164
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/164 -
Joint Chiefs of Staff. About the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
https://web.archive.org/web/20090416022040/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html -
USA Today
https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm -
"Executive Privilege 101"
https://web.archive.org/web/20100609224239/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html -
Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan
https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html -
"Reforming the State Secrets Privilege"
https://www.acslaw.org/issue_brief/briefs-2007-2011/reforming-the-state-secrets-privilege/ -
Political Science Quarterly
https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html -
Salon
http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama -
"Background on the State Secrets Privilege"
https://www.aclu.org/national-security/background-state-secrets-privilege -
NPR
https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767830713/federal-judge-rules-trump-must-hand-over-8-years-of-tax-returns -
Texas Law Review
https://texaslawreview.org/prosecuting-and-punishing-our-presidents/ -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/us/politics/trump-immunity-appeals-court.html -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/02/presidential-immunity-trump-lawsuits -
Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration
https://archive.org/details/designingcamelot0000abbo -
The White House Historical Association
https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/01/AR2007040101262.html -
"History of the BSA Fact Sheet"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140629031545/http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf -
The Christian Science Monitor
https://archive.today/20120730230856/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/20/AR2007112002331_4.html -
Time
https://web.archive.org/web/20081121194256/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1858896,00.html -
Chicago Tribune
https://web.archive.org/web/20111228085232/http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml&coll=2 -
Twin Cities Daily Planet
http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/29/book-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html?mini=eventcalendar/2009/02/all -
Science
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-neffinger/democrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html -
Nelson, Dana D.
https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&q=kennedy&pg=PA57 -
"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"
https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&q=kennedy -
The Economist
https://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2009/07/the_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm -
The Interactive Constitution
https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/article-ii-annenberg/interp/19 -
The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/trump-disqualification-president/617908/ -
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-explainer-idUSKBN29I356 -
The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/amendments/14/essays/173/disqualification-for-rebellion -
Business Insider
https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-14th-amendment-could-prevent-trump-from-office-2021-2 -
Minnesota Law Review
https://web.archive.org/web/20130115121046/http://alpha.fdu.edu/~peabody/Twice_and_Future_President.html -
Temple Law Review
https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1624&context=lsfp -
International Law, US Power: The United States' Quest for Legal Security, p 10, Shirley V. Scott—2012
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24/7 Wall St
https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/02/26/the-net-worth-of-the-american-presidents-washington-to-trump-2/ -
Ask Gleaves
https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=ask_gleaves -
Annenberg Classroom
http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-third-amendment -
CRS Report for Congress
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32611.pdf -
U.S. Electoral College
https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html -
"Maine & Nebraska"
https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041058/http://www.fairvote.org/maine_nebraska -
270towin.com
https://www.270towin.com/content/split-electoral-votes-maine-and-nebraska/ -
Fair Vote
https://web.archive.org/web/20161219162610/https://www.fairvote.org/faithless_elector_state_laws -
"Laws Binding Electors"
http://presidentialelectorlaws.us -
SCOTUSblog
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The Heritage Guide to The Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/80/electoral-college -
The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/amendments/12/essays/165/electoral-college -
Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush
https://books.google.com/books?id=fZ_fSmFIabQC -
The Interactive Constitution
https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx -
"The First Inauguration after the Lame Duck Amendment: January 20, 1937"
http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35948?ret=True -
Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation
https://www.congress.gov/content/conan/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2017-10-21.pdf -
The Heritage Guide to The Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/85/oath-of-office -
Constitution Daily
https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014507/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-presidents-use-bibles-at-inaugurations -
ConstitutionDaily
https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014505/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/who-said-that-a-quick-history-of-the-presidential-oath -
"Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change"
http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf -
"Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections"
https://millercenter.org/president/grant/campaigns-and-elections -
Annenberg Classroom
http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-second-amendment -
Fordham Law Review
http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr -
The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession -
CNN
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"How many other vice presidents have temporarily taken over presidential powers?"
https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/history/presidential-transfer-of-power-biden-bush-reagan/67-17f1fa96-f44a-4050-a53c-593f55e4949f -
"For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power"
https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/kamala-harris-presidential-power/index.html -
Heritage Guide to the Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment -
Heritage Guide to the Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment -
How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives
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Data from Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Presidency
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~graceyor/govdocs/fedprssal.html -
"Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present"
https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/index.php -
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf -
"Presidential Pay and Compensation"
https://www.thoughtco.com/presidential-pay-and-compensation-3322194 -
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https://web.archive.org/web/20180714224047/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/ -
whitehouse.gov
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"President's Guest House (includes Lee House and Blair House), Washington, DC"
https://www.gsa.gov/real-estate/historic-preservation/explore-historic-buildings/find-a-building/presidents-guest-house-washington-dc -
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New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet U.S. Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on
https://web.archive.org/web/20090118094400/http://www.secretservice.gov/press/GPA02-09_Limo.pdf -
"Obama's wheels: Secret Service to unveil new presidential limo"
http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/06/driving.obama/ -
FactCheck
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Edmund Morris, Colonel Roosevelt (2011)
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18 U.S.C. § 3056
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3056 -
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