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Portuguese language

Updated: Wikipedia source

Portuguese language

Portuguese (endonym: português or língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. It is spoken chiefly in Brazil, Portugal, and several countries in Africa, as well as by immigrants in North America, Europe, and South America. With approximately 267 million speakers, it is listed as the fifth-most spoken native language. Portuguese-speaking people or nations are known as Lusophone (lusófono). As a result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese speakers is also found around the world. Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal, and has retained some Celtic phonology. Portuguese language structure reflects its Latin roots and centuries of outside influences. These are seen in phonology, orthography, grammar, and vocabulary. Phonologically, Portuguese has a rich system of nasal vowels, complex consonant variations, and different types of guttural R and other sounds in European and Brazilian varieties. Its spelling, based like English on the Latin alphabet, is largely phonemic but is influenced by etymology and tradition. Recent spelling reforms attempted to create a unified spelling for the Portuguese language across all countries that use it. Portuguese grammar retains many Latin verb forms and has some unique features such as the future subjunctive and the personal infinitive. The vocabulary is derived mostly from Latin but also includes numerous loanwords from Celtic, Germanic, Arabic, African, Amerindian, and Asian languages, resulting from historical contact including wars, trade, and colonization. There is significant variation in dialects of Portuguese worldwide, with two primary standardized varieties: European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese, each one having numerous regional accents and subdialects. African and Asian varieties generally follow the European written standard, though they often have different phonological, lexical, and sometimes syntactic features. While there is broad mutual intelligibility among varieties, variation is seen mostly in speech patterns and vocabulary, with some regional differences in grammar.

Infobox

Pronunciation
[puɾtuˈɣeʃ] / [poʁtuˈɡe(j)s]
Native to
Portugal, Brazil, Lusophone Africa, other locations in the Portuguese-speaking world
Speakers
L1: 250 million (2012–2022)L2: 17 million (2022)Total: 267 million (2012–2022)
Language family
Indo-European ItalicLatino-FaliscanLatinRomanceItalo-WesternWestern RomanceGallo-IberianIberian RomanceWest IberianGalician–PortuguesePortuguese
Early forms
Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance Galician–Portuguese
Writing system
mw- Latin (Portuguese alphabet) Portuguese Braille
Signed forms
Manually coded Portuguese
Official language in
AngolaBrazilCape VerdeTimor-LesteEquatorial GuineaGuinea-BissauMacau (China)MozambiquePortugalSão Tomé and PríncipeNumerous international organizations
Recognised minoritylanguage in
Uruguay
Regulated by
Portugal:Lisbon Academy of Sciences (Lisbon Academy Class of Letters) Brazil:Academia Brasileira de Letras Angola :Academia Angolana de Letras
ISO 639-1
pt
ISO 639-2
por
ISO 639-3
por
Glottolog
port1283
Linguasphere
51-AAA-a

Tables

· Geographic distribution › Lusophone countries
Brazil
Brazil
Country
Brazil
Population
203,062,512
More information
Portuguese in Brazil
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
95% as a native language
Angola
Angola
Country
Angola
Population
35,981,281
More information
Portuguese in Angola
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
45% as a native language, 82% total
Mozambique
Mozambique
Country
Mozambique
Population
32,513,805
More information
Portuguese in Mozambique
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
40% as a native language, 60% total
Portugal
Portugal
Country
Portugal
Population
10,467,366
More information
Portuguese in Portugal
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
95% as a native language
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau
Country
Guinea-Bissau
Population
2,078,820
More information
Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
5% as a native language, 50% total
Equatorial Guinea2
Equatorial Guinea2
Country
Equatorial Guinea2
Population
1,679,172
More information
Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
Small minority as a second language
East Timor
East Timor
Country
East Timor
Population
1,340,513
More information
Portuguese in East Timor
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
0.5% as a native language; 50% total
Macau1
Macau1
Country
Macau1
Population
682,300
More information
Portuguese in Macau
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
0.5% as a native language, 7% total
Cape Verde
Cape Verde
Country
Cape Verde
Population
561,901
More information
Portuguese in Cape Verde
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
5% as a native language, 80% total
São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe
Country
São Tomé and Príncipe
Population
220,372
More information
Portuguese in São Tomé and Príncipe
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
75% as a native language, 99% total
Total
Total
Country
Total
Population
288,588,042
More information
Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Country
Population
More information
Native languageof the majority
Spoken by
Brazil
203,062,512
Portuguese in Brazil
95% as a native language
Angola
35,981,281
Portuguese in Angola
45% as a native language, 82% total
Mozambique
32,513,805
Portuguese in Mozambique
40% as a native language, 60% total
Portugal
10,467,366
Portuguese in Portugal
95% as a native language
Guinea-Bissau
2,078,820
Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau
5% as a native language, 50% total
Equatorial Guinea2
1,679,172
Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea
Small minority as a second language
East Timor
1,340,513
Portuguese in East Timor
as a native language; 50% total
Macau1
682,300
Portuguese in Macau
as a native language, 7% total
Cape Verde
561,901
Portuguese in Cape Verde
5% as a native language, 80% total
São Tomé and Príncipe
220,372
Portuguese in São Tomé and Príncipe
75% as a native language, 99% total
Total
288,588,042
Community of Portuguese Language Countries
· Geographic distribution › Portuguese as a foreign language
Uruguay
Uruguay
Country
Uruguay
Population(July 2017 est.)
3,444,006
More information
Portuguese in Uruguay
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Significant minority as a native language; significant minority as a second language
Argentina
Argentina
Country
Argentina
Population(July 2017 est.)
43,847,430
More information
Portuguese in Argentina
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Minority as a second language
Paraguay
Paraguay
Country
Paraguay
Population(July 2017 est.)
7,052,984
More information
Portuguese in Paraguay
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Significant minority as a native language
Venezuela
Venezuela
Country
Venezuela
Population(July 2017 est.)
31,568,179
More information
Portuguese in Venezuela
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Minority as a second language
South Africa
South Africa
Country
South Africa
Population(July 2017 est.)
57,725,600
More information
Portuguese in South Africa
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Small minority as a native language
Namibia
Namibia
Country
Namibia
Population(July 2017 est.)
2,606,971
More information
Portuguese in Namibia
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Small minority as a native language
Congo
Congo
Country
Congo
Population(July 2017 est.)
5,125,821
More information
Portuguese in Congo
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Small minority as a second language
Zambia
Zambia
Country
Zambia
Population(July 2017 est.)
16,591,390
More information
Portuguese in Zambia
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Small minority as a second language
Senegal
Senegal
Country
Senegal
Population(July 2017 est.)
15,411,614
More information
Portuguese in Senegal
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Small minority as a second language
Eswatini
Eswatini
Country
Eswatini
Population(July 2017 est.)
1,343,098
More information
Portuguese in Eswatini
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Small minority as a second language
Country
Population(July 2017 est.)
More information
Compulsory education
Spoken by
Uruguay
3,444,006
Portuguese in Uruguay
Significant minority as a native language; significant minority as a second language
Argentina
43,847,430
Portuguese in Argentina
Minority as a second language
Paraguay
7,052,984
Portuguese in Paraguay
Significant minority as a native language
Venezuela
31,568,179
Portuguese in Venezuela
Minority as a second language
South Africa
57,725,600
Portuguese in South Africa
Small minority as a native language
Namibia
2,606,971
Portuguese in Namibia
Small minority as a native language
Congo
5,125,821
Portuguese in Congo
Small minority as a second language
Zambia
16,591,390
Portuguese in Zambia
Small minority as a second language
Senegal
15,411,614
Portuguese in Senegal
Small minority as a second language
Eswatini
1,343,098
Portuguese in Eswatini
Small minority as a second language
Vowel phonemes of Portuguese (Portugal)[132][133][134] · Language structure › Phonology › Vowels
oral
oral
Col 1
oral
Front
nasal
Front
oral
Central
nasal
Central
oral
Back
nasal
Close
Close
Col 1
Close
Front
i
Front
ĩ
Central
(ɨ)
Back
u
Back
ũ
Close-mid
Close-mid
Col 1
Close-mid
Front
e
Front
Central
o
Back
õ
Open-mid
Open-mid
Col 1
Open-mid
Front
ɛ
Central
ɐ
Central
ɐ̃
Back
ɔ
Open
Open
Col 1
Open
Front
a
Front
Central
Back
oral
nasal
oral
nasal
oral
nasal
Close
i
ĩ
(ɨ)
u
ũ
Close-mid
e
o
õ
Open-mid
ɛ
ɐ
ɐ̃
ɔ
Open
a
Consonant phonemes of Portuguese (Portugal)[135][136][137][138] · Language structure › Phonology › Consonants
plain
plain
Col 1
plain
Col 2
labialized
Nasal
Nasal
Col 1
Nasal
Col 2
m
Labial
n
Dental/Alveolar
ɲ
Plosive
Plosive
Col 1
Plosive
Col 2
voiceless
Labial
p
Dental/Alveolar
t
Velar
k
Velar
voiced
voiced
Col 1
voiced
Col 2
b
Labial
d
Palatal
ɡ
Velar
ɡʷ
Fricative
Fricative
Col 1
Fricative
Col 2
voiceless
Labial
f
Dental/Alveolar
s
Palatal
ʃ
voiced
voiced
Col 1
voiced
Col 2
v
Labial
z
Dental/Alveolar
ʒ
Velar
ʁ
Approximant
Approximant
Col 1
Approximant
Col 2
semivowel
Labial
w
Palatal
j
Velar
(w)
lateral
lateral
Col 1
lateral
Labial
l
Dental/Alveolar
ʎ
Flap
Flap
Col 1
Flap
Labial
ɾ
Labial
Dental/Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
plain
labialized
Nasal
m
n
ɲ
Plosive
voiceless
p
t
k
voiced
b
d
ɡ
ɡʷ
Fricative
voiceless
f
s
ʃ
voiced
v
z
ʒ
ʁ
Approximant
semivowel
w
j
(w)
lateral
l
ʎ
Flap
ɾ
Written varieties
Euro-African
Euro-African
Area
Euro-African
Before 1990
Brazilian
Different pronunciation
Different pronunciation
Area
Different pronunciation
Before 1990
anónimo
Before 1990
anônimo
Agreement
Both forms remain
Translation
anonymous
Vénus
Vénus
Area
Vénus
Before 1990
Vênus
Before 1990
Both forms remain
Agreement
Venus
facto
facto
Area
facto
Before 1990
fato
Before 1990
Both forms remain
Agreement
fact
ideia
ideia
Area
ideia
Before 1990
idéia
Before 1990
ideia
Agreement
idea
Silent consonants
Silent consonants
Area
Silent consonants
Before 1990
acção
Before 1990
ação
Agreement
ação
Translation
action
direcção
direcção
Area
direcção
Before 1990
direção
Before 1990
direção
Agreement
direction
eléctrico
eléctrico
Area
eléctrico
Before 1990
elétrico
Before 1990
elétrico
Agreement
electric
óptimo
óptimo
Area
óptimo
Before 1990
ótimo
Before 1990
ótimo
Agreement
optimal
Diacritics
Diacritics
Area
Diacritics
Before 1990
pinguim
Before 1990
pingüim
Agreement
pinguim
Translation
penguin
voo
voo
Area
voo
Before 1990
vôo
Before 1990
voo
Agreement
flight
Non-personal andnon-geographical names
Non-personal andnon-geographical names
Area
Non-personal andnon-geographical names
Before 1990
Janeiro
Before 1990
janeiro
Agreement
janeiro
Translation
January
Area
Before 1990
Agreement
Translation
Euro-African
Brazilian
Different pronunciation
anónimo
anônimo
Both forms remain
anonymous
Vénus
Vênus
Both forms remain
Venus
facto
fato
Both forms remain
fact
ideia
idéia
ideia
idea
Silent consonants
acção
ação
ação
action
direcção
direção
direção
direction
eléctrico
elétrico
elétrico
electric
óptimo
ótimo
ótimo
optimal
Diacritics
pinguim
pingüim
pinguim
penguin
voo
vôo
voo
flight
Non-personal andnon-geographical names
Janeiro
janeiro
janeiro
January

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