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Portugal

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is an unitary semi-presidential republic composed by continental Portugal and two autonomous regions, with Lisbon as both its capital and largest city. The continental portion borders Spain to the north and east, with Madeira and the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean. It features the westernmost point in continental Europe. The western Iberian Peninsula has been continuously inhabited since prehistoric times, with the earliest signs of settlement dating to 5500 BC. Celtic and Iberian peoples arrived in the first millennium BC. The region came under Roman control in the second century BC. A succession of Germanic peoples and the Alans ruled from the fifth to eighth centuries AD. Muslims invaded mainland Portugal in the eighth century, but were gradually expelled by the Christian Reconquista, culminating with the capture of the Algarve between 1238 and 1249. Modern Portugal began taking shape during this period, initially as a county of the Christian Kingdom of León in 868, and formally as a sovereign kingdom with the Manifestis Probatum in 1179. As one of the main participants of the Age of Discovery, Portugal made several seminal advancements in nautical science. The Portuguese subsequently were among the first Europeans to explore and discover new territories and sea routes, establishing a maritime empire of settlements, colonies, and trading posts that extended mostly along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts. A dynastic crisis in the early 1580s resulted in the Iberian Union (1580–1640), which unified Portugal under Spanish rule, marking its gradual decline as a global power. Portuguese sovereignty was regained in 1640 and was followed by a costly and protracted war lasting until 1688, while the 1755 Lisbon earthquake destroyed the city and further damaged the empire's economy. The Napoleonic Wars drove the relocation of the court to Brazil in 1807, leading to its elevation from colony to kingdom, which culminated in Brazilian independence in 1822, this resulted in a civil war (1828–1834) between absolutist monarchists and supporters of a constitutional monarchy, with the latter prevailing. The monarchy endured until the 5 October 1910 revolution, which replaced it with the First Republic. Wracked by unrest and civil strife, the republic was replaced by the authoritarian Ditadura Nacional and its successor, the Estado Novo. Democracy was restored in 1974 following the Carnation Revolution, which brought an end to the Portuguese Colonial War and allowed the last of Portugal's African territories to achieve independence. Portugal's imperial history has left a vast cultural legacy, with around 250 million native Portuguese speakers around the world. The country has a developed and advanced economy relying chiefly upon services, industry, and tourism. Portugal is a member of the United Nations, European Union, Schengen Area, and Council of Europe, and one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Lisbon 38°46′N 9°9′W / 38.767°N 9.150°W / 38.767; -9.150
Official languages
Portuguese
Recognised national languages
Portuguese Sign Language
Recognised regional languages
Mirandese
Nationality (2024)
85.6% Portuguese14.4% foreigners
Religion (2021)
mw- li 84.8% Christianity 80.2% Catholicism 4.6% other Christian 14.1% no religion1.1% other
Demonym
Portuguese
Government
Unitary semi-presidential republic[a]
• President
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
• Prime Minister
Luís Montenegro
• Speaker
José Pedro Aguiar-Branco
Legislature
Assembly of the Republic
• County
868
• Sovereignty
24 June 1128[b]
• Battle of Ourique
25 July 1139
• Conference of Zamora
4–5 October 1143
• Manifestis Probatum
23 May 1179
• Restoration
1 December 1640
• First constitution
23 September 1822
• Republic
5 October 1910
• Democratisation
25 April 1974
• Current constitution
25 April 1976[c]
• Total
$337.936 billion (45th)
• Water (%)
1.2 (2015)
• 2024 estimate
10,749,635 (87th)
• 2021 census
10,343,066
• Density
116.6/km2 (302.0/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$31,415 (40th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2024)
31.9 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.890very high (40th)
Currency
Euro[d] (€) (EUR)
Time zone
UTC (WET) UTC−1 (Atlantic/Azores)
• Summer (DST)
UTC 1 (WEST) UTC (Atlantic/Azores))
Calling code
351
ISO 3166 code
PT
Internet TLD
pt
Date format
yyyy-mm-dd

Tables

· Politics › Administrative divisions
1
1
District
1
District
Lisbon
Municipalities
16
Parishes
141
Pop.(2024)
2,390,715
Area(km2)
2,816
Density(/km2)
849
2
2
District
2
District
Leiria
Municipalities
16
Parishes
116
Pop.(2024)
486,583
Area(km2)
3,506
Density(/km2)
139
3
3
District
3
District
Santarém
Municipalities
21
Parishes
150
Pop.(2024)
446,393
Area(km2)
6,718
Density(/km2)
66
4
4
District
4
District
Setúbal
Municipalities
13
Parishes
60
Pop.(2024)
916,859
Area(km2)
5,214
Density(/km2)
176
5
5
District
5
District
Beja
Municipalities
14
Parishes
84
Pop.(2024)
149,546
Area(km2)
10,263
Density(/km2)
15
6
6
District
6
District
Faro
Municipalities
16
Parishes
76
Pop.(2024)
492,747
Area(km2)
4,997
Density(/km2)
99
7
7
District
7
District
Évora
Municipalities
14
Parishes
75
Pop.(2024)
153,430
Area(km2)
7,393
Density(/km2)
21
8
8
District
8
District
Portalegre
Municipalities
15
Parishes
72
Pop.(2024)
103,566
Area(km2)
6,084
Density(/km2)
17
9
9
District
9
District
Castelo Branco
Municipalities
11
Parishes
128
Pop.(2024)
180,889
Area(km2)
6,627
Density(/km2)
27
10
10
District
10
District
Guarda
Municipalities
14
Parishes
245
Pop.(2024)
142,210
Area(km2)
5,535
Density(/km2)
26
11
11
District
11
District
Coimbra
Municipalities
17
Parishes
161
Pop.(2024)
423,432
Area(km2)
3,974
Density(/km2)
107
12
12
District
12
District
Aveiro
Municipalities
19
Parishes
174
Pop.(2024)
734,762
Area(km2)
2,801
Density(/km2)
262
13
13
District
13
District
Viseu
Municipalities
24
Parishes
282
Pop.(2024)
357,841
Area(km2)
5,010
Density(/km2)
71
14
14
District
14
District
Bragança
Municipalities
12
Parishes
226
Pop.(2024)
122,360
Area(km2)
6,599
Density(/km2)
19
15
15
District
15
District
Vila Real
Municipalities
14
Parishes
200
Pop.(2024)
184,707
Area(km2)
4,307
Density(/km2)
43
16
16
District
16
District
Porto
Municipalities
18
Parishes
275
Pop.(2024)
1,860,255
Area(km2)
2,332
Density(/km2)
798
17
17
District
17
District
Braga
Municipalities
14
Parishes
371
Pop.(2024)
867,537
Area(km2)
2,706
Density(/km2)
321
18
18
District
18
District
Viana do Castelo
Municipalities
10
Parishes
213
Pop.(2024)
234,645
Area(km2)
2,219
Density(/km2)
106
Autonomous Region of Azores
Autonomous Region of Azores
District
Autonomous Region of Azores
District
19
Municipalities
156
Parishes
241,718
Pop.(2024)
2,322
Area(km2)
104
Autonomous Region of Madeira
Autonomous Region of Madeira
District
Autonomous Region of Madeira
District
11
Municipalities
54
Parishes
259,440
Pop.(2024)
801
Area(km2)
324
Total Portugal
Total Portugal
District
Total Portugal
District
308
Municipalities
3,259
Parishes
10,749,635
Pop.(2024)
92,225
Area(km2)
117
District
Municipalities
Parishes
Pop.(2024)
Area(km2)
Density(/km2)
1
Lisbon
16
141
2,390,715
2,816
849
2
Leiria
16
116
486,583
3,506
139
3
Santarém
21
150
446,393
6,718
66
4
Setúbal
13
60
916,859
5,214
176
5
Beja
14
84
149,546
10,263
15
6
Faro
16
76
492,747
4,997
99
7
Évora
14
75
153,430
7,393
21
8
Portalegre
15
72
103,566
6,084
17
9
Castelo Branco
11
128
180,889
6,627
27
10
Guarda
14
245
142,210
5,535
26
11
Coimbra
17
161
423,432
3,974
107
12
Aveiro
19
174
734,762
2,801
262
13
Viseu
24
282
357,841
5,010
71
14
Bragança
12
226
122,360
6,599
19
15
Vila Real
14
200
184,707
4,307
43
16
Porto
18
275
1,860,255
2,332
798
17
Braga
14
371
867,537
2,706
321
18
Viana do Castelo
10
213
234,645
2,219
106
Autonomous Region of Azores
19
156
241,718
2,322
104
Autonomous Region of Madeira
11
54
259,440
801
324
Total Portugal
308
3,259
10,749,635
92,225
117

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  427. Lisbon School of Economics & Management
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  535. "Fernando Pimenta (Por)"
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