Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country in Southwestern Europe. It is a unitary republic made up by mainland Portugal and two autonomous regions, with Lisbon as its capital and largest city. It has a population of over 10 million. The mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula and is bordered by Spain to the north and east; Madeira and the Azores are in the Atlantic Ocean. The western Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with the earliest signs of settlement dating to 5400 BC. Portugal was established as a county of the Kingdom of León in 868, and formally as a kingdom in the 12th century as a result of the Reconquista against the Muslims, who had occupied the Iberian Peninsula since 711. A major participant in the Age of Discovery, the kingdom made several advancements in nautical science and maritime exploration to discover new territories and sea routes, which led to the establishment of the Portuguese Empire. The kingdom became a republic in 1910 and was a dictatorship from 1926 until the dictatorship's overthrow in 1974 enabled the full establishment of democracy in 1976. Portugal is a semi-presidential constitutional unitary republic and multi-party representative democracy with four separate sovereignty bodies: president, government, parliament, and judiciary. It has a unicameral national legislature known as the Assembly of the Republic. Portugal has developed a complex system to manage its territory, even though the mainland continues to remain highly centralised. A developed country, Portugal has an advanced economy that chiefly relies upon services, industry, and tourism. Shaped by the various civilisations that have inhabited its territory, Portugal developed a culture with a worldwide influence that allowed Portuguese to become the world's fifth-most spoken native language with more than 250 million native speakers. A member of numerous international organizations, Portugal maintains an active role in international political, cultural, economic, and military affairs, guided by a commitment to pacificism.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city

Lisbon 38°46′N 9°9′W / 38 °N 9 °W / 38 ; -9

Official languages

Portuguese

Recognised national languages

Portuguese Sign Language

Recognised regional languages

Mirandese

Demonym

Portuguese

Government

Unitary semi-presidential republic

• President

António José Seguro

• Prime Minister

Luís Montenegro

• Speaker

José Pedro Aguiar-Branco

Legislature

Assembly of the Republic

• County

868

• Battle of São Mamede

24 June 1128

• Battle of Ourique

25 July 1139

• Conference of Zamora

4–5 October 1143

• Papal recognition

23 May 1179

• Restoration

1 December 1640

• First constitution

23 September 1822

• Republic

5 October 1910

• Democratization

25 April 1974

• Current constitution

25 April 1976

• Total

$380 billion (45th)

• Land

92,225 km2 (35,608 sq mi)

• Water

64,372 km2 (24,854 sq mi)

• Water (%)

1 (2015)

• 2024 estimate

10,749,635 (87th)

• 2021 census

10,343,066

• Density

116 /km2 (302 /sq mi)

GDP (PPP)

2026 estimate

• Per capita

$35,434 (40th)

GDP (nominal)

2026 estimate

Gini (2025)

30 medium inequality

HDI (2023)

0 very high (40th)

Currency

Euro (€) (EUR)

Time zone

UTC 0 and -1

• Summer (DST)

UTC 1 and 0

Date format

yyyy-mm-dd

Calling code

351

ISO 3166 code

Internet TLD

References

The modern day concept of sovereignty or declaration of independence did not exist at the time, nor was established any
Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005
The territory of Portugal includes its land, internal waters, and territorial sea.
The Escudo before 2002
In mainland Portugal and Madeira
Only in Azores
European Portuguese pronunciation: [puɾtuˈɣal] ⓘ
Portuguese: República Portuguesa, IPA: [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈgezɐ]
One theory proposes Cale is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port'. Another is that Cala was a Celtic goddess, or th
The earliest human trace found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old Aroeira 3, a Homo heidelbergensis skull discovered in
The Portuguese devised the volta do mar navigational technique, which enabled safe roundtrip voyages in open sea; this w
It has been conjectured that the Canadian town of Portugal Cove-St. Philip's was founded by the Portuguese however there
Although some scholars claim that Portugal may have discovered Australia in 1521, it lacks generally accepted evidence.
Portugal continued to be independent during the Iberian Union.
Most estimates place the number of Portuguese migrants to Colonial Brazil during the gold rush of the 18th century at 60
It had an estimated magnitude between 7 and 9 , with casualties ranging from 12,000 to 50,000.
The territory of Portugal includes its land, internal waters, and territorial sea.
The highest peak in mainland Portugal is Torre in Serra da Estrela, at an elevation of 1,993 metres (6,539 ft).
Other parties include the Liberal Initiative, the Left Bloc, the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Part
Namely in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Mali, Central African Republic, Somalia, Mozambiqu