Topzle Topzle

Pope Pius XII

Updated: Wikipedia source

Pope Pius XII

Pope Pius XII (Italian: Pio XII; born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 2 March 1939 until his death on 9 October 1958. He is the most recent pope to take the pontifical name "Pius". The papacy of Pius XII was long, even by modern standards; it lasted almost 20 years, and spanned a consequential fifth of the 20th century. Pius was a diplomat pope during the destruction wrought by the Second World War, the recovery and rebuilding which followed, the beginning of the Cold War, and the early building of a new international geopolitical order, which aimed to protect human rights and maintain global peace through the establishment of international rules and institutions (such as the United Nations). Born, raised, educated, ordained, and resident for most of his life in Rome, his work in the Roman Curia—as a priest, then bishop, then cardinal—was extensive. He served as secretary of the Vatican's diplomatic Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany, Camerlengo of the Apostolic Chamber, and Cardinal Secretary of State for the Holy See, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with various European and Latin American nations, including the Reichskonkordat treaty with Nazi Germany. While the Vatican was officially neutral during the Second World War, the Reichskonkordat and Pius' leadership of the Catholic Church during the war remain the subject of controversy—including allegations of public silence and inaction concerning the fate of the Jews. Pius employed diplomacy to aid the victims of the Nazis during the war and, by directing the church to provide discreet aid to Jews and others, saved thousands of lives. Pius maintained links to the German resistance, and shared intelligence with the Allies. His strong public condemnation of genocide was considered inadequate by the Allied Powers, while the Nazis viewed him as an Allied sympathizer who had dishonoured his policy of Vatican neutrality. During his papacy, the Catholic Church issued the Decree against Communism, declaring that Catholics who profess the atheistic and materialist doctrines of communism are to be excommunicated as apostates from the Christian faith. The church experienced severe persecution and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the Eastern Bloc. He explicitly invoked ex cathedra papal infallibility with the dogma of the Assumption of Mary in his Apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus. His forty-one encyclicals include Mystici Corporis Christi, on the Church as the Mystical Body of Christ; Mediator Dei on liturgy reform; and Humani generis, in which he instructed theologians to adhere to episcopal teaching and allowed that the human body might have evolved from earlier forms. He removed, by additional international cardinal appointments, the Italian majority in the College of Cardinals in 1946. After he died in 1958, Pope Pius XII was succeeded by John XXIII. In the process towards sainthood, his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council. He was made a Servant of God (the first threshold step towards sainthood) by John Paul II in 1990, and Benedict XVI declared Pius XII Venerable (the second step) on 19 December 2009.

Infobox

Church
Catholic Church
Papacy began
2 March 1939
Papacy ended
9 October 1958
Predecessor
Pius XI
Successor
John XXIII
Previous post
See list Pro-Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1912–1914) Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1914–1917) Titular Archbishop of Sardes (1917–1929) Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria (1917–1925) Apostolic Nuncio to Germany (1920–1930) Apostolic Nuncio to Prussia (1926–1929) Cardinal Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio (1929–1939) Prefect of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1930–1939) Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939) Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica (1930–1939) Camerlengo of the Apostolic Chamber (1935–1939)
Ordination
2 April 1899by Francesco di Paola Cassetta
Consecration
13 May 1917by Benedict XV
Created cardinal
16 December 1929by Pius XI
Rank
Cardinal priest
Born
Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli(1876-03-02)2 March 1876Rome, Italy
Died
9 October 1958(1958-10-09) (aged 82)Castel Gandolfo, Italy
Education
mw- Almo Collegio Capranica Pontifical Gregorian University Pontifical Roman Athenaeum Saint Apollinare Sapienza University of Rome
Motto
Opus justitiae pax(Latin for 'The work of justice [shall be] peace')[a]
Venerated in
Catholic Church
Attributes
Papal vestments Papal tiara Pectoral cross
History
HistoryPriestly ordinationOrdained byFrancesco di Paola CassettaDate2 April 1899Episcopal consecrationPrincipal consecratorPope Benedict XVCo-consecratorsAgostino ZampiniGiovanni di CornelianoDate13 May 1917PlaceSt. Peter's Basilica, RomeCardinalateElevated byPope Pius XIDate16 December 1929
Ordained by
Francesco di Paola Cassetta
Date
16 December 1929
Principal consecrator
Pope Benedict XV
Co-consecrators
Agostino ZampiniGiovanni di Corneliano
Place
St. Peter's Basilica, Rome
Elevated by
Pope Pius XI
Episcopal succession
Episcopal successionBishops consecrated by Pope Pius XII as principal consecratorMichel d'Herbigny29 March 1926Giuseppe Pizzardo27 April 1930Luigi Centoz14 February 1932Francis Spellman8 September 1932Albert Levame4 February 1934Saverio Ritter11 August 1935Maurilio Silvani13 September 1936Eugène Tisserant25 July 1937Francesco Cialeo29 October 1939Carlo Confalonieri4 May 1941
Michel d'Herbigny
29 March 1926
Giuseppe Pizzardo
27 April 1930
Luigi Centoz
14 February 1932
Francis Spellman
8 September 1932
Albert Levame
4 February 1934
Saverio Ritter
11 August 1935
Maurilio Silvani
13 September 1936
Eugène Tisserant
25 July 1937
Francesco Cialeo
29 October 1939
Carlo Confalonieri
4 May 1941

Tables

· External links
Preceded byGiuseppe Aversa
Preceded byGiuseppe Aversa
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byGiuseppe Aversa
Catholic Church titles
Titular Archbishop of Sardes 23 April 1917 – 16 December 1929
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byArthur Hinsley
Preceded byGiuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè
Preceded byGiuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byGiuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè
Catholic Church titles
Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio 19 December 1929 – 2 March 1939
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byFrancis Joseph Spellman
Preceded byRafael Merry del Val
Preceded byRafael Merry del Val
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byRafael Merry del Val
Catholic Church titles
Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica 25 March 1930 – 2 March 1939
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byFederico Tedeschini
Preceded byPietro Gasparri
Preceded byPietro Gasparri
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byPietro Gasparri
Catholic Church titles
Cardinal Secretary of State 9 February 1930 – 10 February 1939
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byLuigi Maglione
Preceded byLorenzo Lauri
Preceded byLorenzo Lauri
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byLorenzo Lauri
Catholic Church titles
Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 1937 – 2 March 1939
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byFederico Tedeschini
Preceded byPius XI
Preceded byPius XI
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byPius XI
Catholic Church titles
Grand Masterof the Order of the Holy Sepulchre 2 March 1939 – 16 July 1940
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byNicola Canali
Preceded byPius XI
Preceded byPius XI
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byPius XI
Catholic Church titles
Pope 2 March 1939 – 9 October 1958
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byJohn XXIII
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byGiuseppe Aversa
Titular Archbishop of Sardes 23 April 1917 – 16 December 1929
Succeeded byArthur Hinsley
Preceded byGiuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè
Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio 19 December 1929 – 2 March 1939
Succeeded byFrancis Joseph Spellman
Preceded byRafael Merry del Val
Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica 25 March 1930 – 2 March 1939
Succeeded byFederico Tedeschini
Preceded byPietro Gasparri
Cardinal Secretary of State 9 February 1930 – 10 February 1939
Succeeded byLuigi Maglione
Preceded byLorenzo Lauri
Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 1937 – 2 March 1939
Succeeded byFederico Tedeschini
Preceded byPius XI
Grand Masterof the Order of the Holy Sepulchre 2 March 1939 – 16 July 1940
Succeeded byNicola Canali
Preceded byPius XI
Pope 2 March 1939 – 9 October 1958
Succeeded byJohn XXIII

References

  1. Isaiah 32:17
  2. Italian pronunciation: [euˈdʒɛːnjo maˈriːa dʒuˈzɛppe dʒoˈvanni paˈtʃɛlli].
  3. John Paul II surpassed this number on 21 February 2001, elevating 44 cardinals. By that time, the limit had been suspend
  4. The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII
    https://books.google.com/books?id=eb_KhoACwcIC&pg=PA225
  5. Gerard Noel, The Hound of Hitler, p. 3 Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust: Further Reading; w
    http://www.britannica.com/holocaust/article-5770
  6. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pius-XII#toc236599
  7. archive.is
    https://archive.today/20130413085512/http://www.storialibera.it/epoca_contemporanea/nazionalsocialismo/nazismo_e_chiesa/pio_XII_e_la_shoah/articolo.php?id=2045&titolo=L'oro%20di%20Pio%20XII
  8. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/The-age-of-Reformation-and-Counter-Reformation#toc43758
  9. Encyclopedia of Catholicism by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton; ISBN 0-8160-5455-X, p. 267
  10. The Times
    https://www.thetimes.com/article/pope-john-paul-ii-and-pope-pius-xii-move-closer-to-sainthood-zwrtwss7z87
  11. Pollard, 2005, p. 70
  12. Marchione, 2004, p. 1
  13. Gerard Noel, Pius XII: The Hound of Hitler, p. 5
  14. O'Brien, p. 1
  15. familysearch.org
    https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/LZLV-462
  16. Paul O'Shea, A Cross Too Heavy, 2011, p. 79
  17. O'Shea, p. 81
  18. Cornwell, p. 22
  19. Cornwell, p. 23
  20. Noel, p. 9
  21. Marchione, 2000, p. 193
  22. O'Shea, p. 82
  23. Noel, p. 10
  24. Marchione, 2004, p. 9
  25. Marchione, 2004, p. 10
  26. Cornwell, Hitler's Pope, p. 42
  27. Cornwell, p. 32
  28. Dalin, 2005, p. 47
  29. O'Shea, pp. 86, 88
  30. Levillain, 2002, p. 1211
  31. Fatoni, 1992, pp. 45–85
  32. Marchione, 2004, p. 11
  33. Lehnert (2014), pages 5–6.
  34. Rychlak, 2000, p. 6
  35. Lehnert (2014), 6–7.
  36. Cornwell, p. 73
  37. Noel, p. 34
  38. Cornwell, p. 75
  39. Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mFHKrYwv87sC&pg=PA78
  40. Lehnert (2014), pages 7–8.
  41. Lehnert (2014), page 8.
  42. Volk, 1972; Cornwell, p. 96
  43. Kaas, 1930.
  44. Stehle, 1975, pp. 139–41
  45. Morsey, p. 121
  46. Cornwell, pp. 103–04
  47. The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII, David G. Dalin, Joseph Bottum, Lexington Books, 2010, p. 17
  48. Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler, Ed Frank J. Coppa, Catholic Univ
  49. Kent, 2002, p. 24
  50. Cornwell, p. 115
  51. Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.). Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (trans.) (2005). The Encyclopedia of Christianity; ISBN 0-8028-2416-1
  52. Cornwell, p. 121
  53. Cornwell, p. 128. Pacelli, quoted in Scholder's The Churches and the Third Reich, p. 157
  54. Dalin, 2005, pp. 58–59
  55. Marchione, 2002, p. 22
  56. Christian responses to the Holocaust: moral and ethical issues: Religion, theology, and the Holocaust, Donald J. Dietric
  57. A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations, Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, p. 86, Cambridge University Press, 2005; ISBN
  58. Joseph Bottum. April 2004. "The End of the Pius Wars" Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, First Things; retrie
    http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/12/001-the-end-of-the-pius-wars-1
  59. Phayer, 2000, p. 3
  60. Hochland
  61. Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1136
  62. Passelecq, Suchecky pp. 113–137
  63. Hill, Roland. 1997, 11 August. "The lost encyclical" Archived 30 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Tablet.
    http://www.thetablet.co.uk/articles/6576/
  64. Passelecq, Suchecky. p. 121
  65. Humani generis unitas
  66. "Nostra aetate: Transforming the Catholic–Jewish Relationship: Jewish-Catholic Relationship Transformed"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121030133305/http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/nostra_aetate.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4
  67. On 16 March four days after coronation, Gundlach informed LaFarge that the documents had been given to Pius XI shortly b
  68. Encyclical of Pope Pius on the unity of human society to our venerable brethren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops,
  69. Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli. Discorsi E Panegirici 1931–1938; Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1939
  70. Vanity Fair
    https://www.revistavanityfair.es/articulos/alfonso-xiii-victoria-eugenia-bautizo-juan-carlos-i
  71. Ludwig Volk, Die Kirche in den deutschsprachigen Ländern in: Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Band VII, p. 539
  72. Donald J. Dietrich, p. 92, Syracuse University Press, 2003; ISBN 0-8156-3029-8
  73. Volk, pp. 539–544
  74. They included: Latvia 1922, Bavaria 1924, Poland 1925, France I., 1926, France II. 1926, Lithuania 1927, Czechoslovakia
  75. Ludwig Volk, "Die Kirche in den deutschsprachigen Ländern" in: Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Band VII, pp. 546–547
  76. Ludwig Volk Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933, pp. 34f, 45–58
  77. Klaus Scholder The Churches and the Third Reich volume 1: especially Part 1, chapter 10; part 2, chapter 2
  78. Volk, pp. 98–101
  79. Feldkamp, pp. 88–93
  80. Volk, pp. 101, 105
  81. Volk, p. 254
  82. Krieg, Robert A., Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany, p. 112
  83. Vidmar, pp. 327–31
  84. Pham, p. 45, quote: "When Pius XI was complimented on the publication, in 1937, of his encyclical denouncing Nazism, Mit
  85. Bokenkotter, pp. 389–92, quote "And when Hitler showed increasing belligerance toward the Church, Pius met the challenge
  86. 74.A l'Eveque de Passau, in "Lettres de Pie XII aux Eveques Allemands 1939–1944, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1967, p. 41
  87. "Accessed 4 December 2014; "La Presse et L'apostolat: discours prononce au College Angelique le 17 Avril, 1936" Paris : Bonne Presse, 1936"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190413/http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/22560/1/EC55868.PDF
  88. Tardini, Pio XII roma 1960
  89. Michael F. Feldkamp. Pius XII und Deutschland; ISBN 3-525-34026-5.
  90. Dalin, 2005, pp. 69–70
  91. Catholic Forum. Pope Pius XII profile Archived 24 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
    http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0260.htm
  92. Pacelli’s assertion was factually incorrect. Pacelli, born in 1876, was elected Pope at the age of 63. For 33 of those 6
  93. "Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis. Everybody knew what the Pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipo
  94. Lehnert, Pascalina. Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 57
  95. Lehnert, Pascalina. Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 49
  96. Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs and Congregation of Ordinary Affairs
  97. Pio XII, La Allocuzione nel consistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953 in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessagi di Sua Santita V
  98. Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 157
  99. Giulio Nicolini, Il Cardinale Domenico Tardini, Padova, 1980; ISBN 88-7026-340-1; p. 313
  100. In the Secretariat of State he had actively supported "foreigners", for example Francis Spellman, the American monsignor
  101. Gannon, Robert I. The Cardinal Spellman Story, Doubleday Company, New York, 1962
  102. Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr. Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace; p. 370
  103. Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr. Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace, p. 371
  104. Levillain, 2002, p. 1136
  105. Pio XII, La Allocuzione nel concistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953 in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di Sua Santità,
  106. Tardini later thanked him for not appointing him. The Pope replied with a smile. "Monsignore mio, you thank me, for not
  107. Tobin, Greg. (2003). Selecting the Pope: Uncovering the Mysteries of Papal Elections. Barnes & Noble Publishing; ISBN 0-
  108. For example, Padellaro: "Church history will memorize with special letters the secret conclave of 1946, and the cosmopol
  109. AAS, 1947, Mediator Dei, p. 18
  110. AAS, 1947, Mediator Dei, p. 19
  111. AAS, 1947, Mediator Dei, p. 31
  112. Time
    https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,803605,00.html
  113. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/03/archives/expriests-sainthood-irks-catholics-in-brazil-18-more-considered.html
  114. www.vatican.va
    http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19470202_provida-mater-ecclesia.html
  115. "70th anniversary of the Apostolic Constitution"Provida Mater Ecclesia".World Day of Consecrated Life"
    https://www.cmis-int.org/en/70th-anniversary-of-the-apostolic-constitution-provida-mater-ecclesia/
  116. romana.org
    https://romana.org/en/29/a-study/the-example-of-the-early-christians-in-blessed-jos/
  117. "Early Christianity"
    https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&oldid=1310266459
  118. romana.org
    https://romana.org/en/46/articles-and-interviews/the-canonical-configuration-of-opus-dei-as-foresee/
  119. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/canon-law
  120. AAS, 1956, p. 354 ff
  121. AAS, 1956, p. 357
  122. AAS, 1950, p. 657
  123. AAS 1954 p. 313
  124. AAS 1957, p. 272
  125. Humani generis (1950) and Divino afflante Spiritu (1943), p. 305
  126. AAS, 1943, p. 297
  127. AAS, 1943, p. 305
  128. Pius XII, Enc. Humani generis, p. 21
  129. Humani generis, p. 21
  130. AAS, 1950, p. 753
  131. AAS 1953, p. 577
  132. AAS 1954, p. 625
  133. Pius XII, Enc. Mystici Corporis Christi, p. 110
  134. La Stampa
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170820162959/http://www.lastampa.it/2015/08/15/esteri/vatican-insider/en/in-history-the-violence-of-the-arrogant-takes-its-toll-but-god-does-not-leave-us-YkQPgaLUqi8kCDQtE1nWfJ/pagina.html
  135. Pio XII, Discorsi Ai Medici compiles 700 pages of specific addresses.
  136. Pope Pius XII, The Moral Limits of Medical Research and Treatment Archived 21 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
    http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius12/P12PSYCH.HTM
  137. Two speeches on 29 October 1951, and 26 November 1951: Moral Questions Affecting Married Life: Addresses given to the It
    http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/P511029.HTM
  138. Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1940, p. 407; Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio
  139. Leiber, p. 411
  140. Pius XII, Enc. Humani generis, 36
  141. "Finding God in human evolution"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120224184314/http://www.blessed-sacrament.org/evolution.doc
  142. Eternal World Television Network
    http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/P12PSYCH.HTM
  143. Catholic Culture
    https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=6871
  144. Pius XII. Christmas message. 1944.
    https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/1944-christmas-message-8963
  145. Modern Italy's Founding Fathers: The Making of a Postwar Republic
  146. Giuseppe Mammarealla Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966
  147. The Italian Monarchy, The State, The Church and the Holy Shroud
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350061222
  148. "Univ of Dayton"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100608103323/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/meditations/olgc.html
  149. This Saint's for You by Thomas J. Craughwell 2007; ISBN 1-59474-184-0; p. 172
  150. Communication, Father Robert Graham, SJ, 10 November 1992
  151. Orientalis Ecclesiae, AAS, 1944, p. 129
  152. Orientales omnes Ecclesias, AAS, 1946, pp. 33–63.
  153. Sempiternus Rex, AAS, 1951, pp. 625–44.
  154. Orientales Ecclesias. AAS, 1953, pp. 5–15.
  155. Apostolic Letters to the bishops in the East. AAS, 1956, pp. 260–64.
  156. Fulgens corona, AAS, 1953, pp. 577–93
  157. Papal letter to the People of Russia, AAS, 1952, pp. 505–11.
  158. Daniela Treveri Gennari, Post-War Italian Cinema: American Intervention, Vatican Interests (New York and London: Routled
  159. Helmuth Rolfes, "Inter Mirifica and What Followed: The Second Vatican Council as the Beginning of a New Era in the Relat
  160. Joan Carroll Cruz (OCDS). Saintly Men of Modern Times. (2003); ISBN 1-931709-77-7
  161. Dorothy Scallan. The Holy Man of Tours. (1990); ISBN 0-89555-390-2
  162. Noel, p. 16
  163. Lehnert, Pascalina. Pius XII, Ich durfte ihm dienen, Würzburg, 1982, p. 163
  164. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Anthony-of-Padua
  165. Anthony of Padua: Franciscan, Preacher, Teacher, Saint
    https://books.google.com/books?id=GNQ5EQAAQBAJ
  166. The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies
    https://books.google.com/books?id=b3hUvouXdvYC&pg=PT363
  167. O'Brien, p. 8
  168. Corrado Pallenberg, p. 71
  169. Historical Journal
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X12000416
  170. ""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 106"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130703015921/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  171. Pius XII, Summi Pontificatus; 48; October 1939 Archived 3 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
    https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  172. "Pius XII, 0Summi Pontificatus"; 35; October 1939"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130703015921/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  173. "Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 109; October 1939"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130703015921/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  174. Pius XII, Summi Pontificatus; 111; October 1939 Archived 3 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
    https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  175. "Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 106; October 1939"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130703015921/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  176. ""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 6 & 7"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130703015921/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  177. 108: "In the midst of this world which today presents such a sharp contrast to "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Chri
  178. ""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 28"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130703015921/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  179. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – The Vatican Files; Note verbale, 26 April 1940
    http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box51/a464o10.html
  180. Phayer, 2008, p. 6
  181. Phayer, 2008, p. 18
  182. Report by the Polish Ambassador to the Holy See on the Situation in German-occupied Poland, Memorandum No. 79, 29 May 19
  183. Phayer, 2008, p. 8
  184. "The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews by Dr. Joseph L. Lichten"
    https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/piusdef2.html
  185. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "The Vatican Files""
    http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/VATICAN1.HTML
  186. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "Letter from Pius XII to FDR, 7 January 1940""
    http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box51/a464g02.html
  187. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – The Vatican Files FDR letter to Pius XII; 14 February 1940
    http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box51/a464k03.html
  188. John Toland; Hitler; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p. 594
  189. Conway, Prof. John S., The Vatican, the Nazis and Pursuit of Justice.
  190. John Toland; Hitler; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p. 760
  191. Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust; web April 2013
    http://www.britannica.com/holocaust/article-236596
  192. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "Statement by Myron C. Taylor to Pope Pius XII, 19 September 1942""
    http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/PSF/BOX51/A466I02.TXT
  193. Dalin, David G. The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis. Regnery Publishing: Washington
  194. "Hitler's Pope?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081027155520/http://www.spectator.org/archives/2006/08/18/hitlers-pope/print
  195. Conway, Prof. John S., "The Meeting between Pope Pius XII and Ribbentrop", CCHA Study Sessions, volume 35 (1968), pp. 10
    http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1968/Conway.html
  196. "Harold Taylor 9/30/42"
    http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/PSF/BOX52/a467t01.html
  197. Britannica.com
    http://www.britannica.com/holocaust/article-236597
  198. Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust; web April 2013
    http://www.britannica.com/holocaust/article-236596
  199. Minutes of 7 August 1941. British Public Records Office FO 371/30175 57760
  200. Mark Aarons and John Loftus. Unholy Trinity pp. 71–72
  201. Israel Gutman (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Holocaust vol 2, p. 739
  202. Rychlak, Ronald. Hitler, the War, and the Pope pp. 414–15, note 61.
  203. Phayer, 2008, pp. 9–16
  204. Phayer, 2008, pp. 10–15, 147, 150
  205. Phayer, 2008, p. 151
  206. Phayer, 2008, p. 152
  207. Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941–1945
  208. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080802113247/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777719,00.html
  209. The New York Times
    https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E15FE3D5E167B93C5AB1788D85F468485F9
  210. "A Lover of His Church and of His Country"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120323144055/http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_153_06.html
  211. Phayer, 2008, p. 53
  212. Rittner and Roth, 2002, p. 4
  213. Dalin, David G. "Pius XII and the Jews: A defense Archived 5 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine", Weekly Standard, Vol.
    http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/000/504iizii.asp?page=3
  214. Phayer, 2008, p. xii
  215. Vatican Archive – Homily by Pope Benedict XVI; 9 October 2008
    https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2008/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20081009_50-pio-xii_en.html
  216. Chadwick, 1988, pp. 256–257.
  217. Alvarez and Graham, 1997, pp. 86–88.
  218. Kurzman, 2007, p. 12
  219. Kent, 2002, pp. 87–100.
  220. "News Release, 28 August 1944"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151121035249/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/nuremberg/documents/index.php?documentdate=29%20August%201944&documentid=C107-10-54&studycollectionid=&pagenumber=1
  221. Reflections on the Holocaust
    http://www.britannica.com/holocaust/article-236599
  222. Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; p. 36
  223. Cornwell, John, Hitler's Pope, 1999.
  224. Encyclopædia Britannica: "Roman Catholicism – the period of the world wars".
  225. Dalin, 2005, p. 70
  226. McInerney, 2001, p. 47
  227. 30giorni.it
    http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_15523_l1.htm
  228. Lesser, Jeffrey. 1995. Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question. University of California Press. pp. 1
  229. Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1997, New York: HarperCollins, p. 223
  230. McInerney, 2001, p. 49
  231. "Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 7 & 48; October 1939"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130703015921/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  232. Dalin, 2005, p. 73
  233. "Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 111; October 1939"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130703015921/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20101939_summi-pontificatus_en.html
  234. Sainthood on Hold
  235. Gutman, 1990, p. 1137
  236. Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 200
  237. Phayer, 2000, p. 5
  238. Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, 1981, Vichy France and the Jews, New York: Basic Books, p. 202
  239. Delpech, Les Eglises et la Persécution raciale, p. 267
  240. Dalin, 2005, p. 74
  241. John F. Morley, 1980, Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939–1943, New York: KTAV, p. 75
  242. Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 206
  243. Lapide, 1980, p. 139
  244. Phayer, 2000, pp. 27–28.
  245. Diplomatic Correspondence: US Envoy Myron C. Taylor to Cardinal Maglione; 26 September 1942.
    http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/PSF/BOX52/a467aq01.html
  246. Diplomatic Correspondence: US Undersecretary of State Summner Wells to Vatican Envoy Myron C. Taylor; 21 October 1942.
    http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/PSF/BOX52/a467ar01.html
  247. The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler
  248. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/16/letter-suggests-pope-pius-xii-knew-of-mass-gassings-of-jews-and-poles-in-1942
  249. Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 315
  250. Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews, (2003) 3rd edition, pp. 1204–05.
  251. ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-17/pope-pius-xii-likely-knew-about-nazi-concentration-camps/102867366
  252. Associated Press News
    https://apnews.com/article/vatican-pius-holocaust-jews-pius-pope-poland-8c511a4b99345d98f54af69dda6d2a66
  253. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Polish Victims. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
    http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005473
  254. Craughwell, Thomas J. The Gentile Holocaust, Catholic Culture. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
    http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=472
  255. Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 136
  256. Dalin, 2005, p. 75
  257. (in French) Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre mondiale/éd. par Pierre Blet, Angelo Martini,
  258. Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 134
  259. Zolli, Eugenio. Before the Dawn. Reissued in 1997 as Why I Became a Catholic.
  260. Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 133
  261. "The role of the Roman Catholic Church in the Shoah (Nazi Holocaust)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20031210095341/http://www.religioustolerance.org/vat_hol12.htm
  262. Dalin, 2005, pp. 82–85
  263. Phayer, 2008, p. xiii
  264. Letter of Pius XII of 30 April 1943 to the Bischop of Berlin, Graf von Preysing, published in "Documentation catholique"
  265. Judaism
  266. Jewish Virtual Library
    https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/piusdef.html
  267. Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1138
  268. Dalin, 2005, pp. 87–89
  269. Lévai, Jenö. Zsidósors Európában, Budapest, 1948 (Hungarian)
  270. The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador and Switzerland's Finest Hour
  271. Gilbert, Martin, The Holocaust, p. 701
  272. Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 176
  273. Pave the Way Foundation Reveals Evidence of Pope Pius XII's Active Opposition to Hitler Archived 12 September 2009 at th
    http://www.transworldnews.com/NewsStory.aspx?id=95893&cat=15
  274. Jerusalem Report, (7 February 2005).
  275. Anti-Defamation League. "ADL to Vatican: 'Open Baptismal Records and Put Pius Beatification on Hold'" Archived 4 January
    http://www.adl.org/Interfaith/adl_vatican.asp
  276. Cavalli, Dimitri. "Pius's Children" Archived 27 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The American. 1 April 2006.
    http://www.theamericanmag.com/article.php?show_article_id=387
  277. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/the-popes-jews/615736/
  278. Audience for the directors of mission activities in 1944 A.A.S., 1944, p. 208
  279. Evangelii praecones. p. 56
  280. Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, pp. 282–283.
  281. Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p. 284.
  282. Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p. 240.
  283. China's Church Divided: Bishop Louis Jin and the Post-Mao Catholic Revival
  284. Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p. 242.
  285. Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p. 246.
  286. Schneider, p. 80
  287. Gerard Noel, Pius XII, The Hound of Hitler, p. 3
  288. See Humani generis.
  289. Noel, p. 4
  290. "Newspaper Accounts of the Death of Pope Pius XII"
    https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=3304
  291. Lehnert, Pascalina, p. 191
  292. De Tijd : Godsdienstig-Staatkundig Dagblad
    https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:011234329:mpeg21
  293. "D44611"
    https://www.planalto.gov.br/CcIVIL_03/decreto/1950-1969/D44611.htm
  294. "Library : Newspaper Accounts of the Death of Pope Pius XII"
    https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=3304
  295. "06533.071.15978"
    http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06533.071.15978
  296. Time
    https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,863973,00.html
  297. Modern Mummies
    https://archive.org/details/modernmummiespre0000chri
  298. Spokane Chronicle
    https://www.newspapers.com/article/spokane-chronicle-embalming-of-pope-pius/171089262/
  299. Ozy.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200926084705/https://www.ozy.com/true-and-stories/the-man-who-made-the-pope-explode/94408/
  300. America Magazine
    https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=35444452&site=eds-live&scope=site
  301. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-07-fg-embalmer7-story.html
  302. Ogdensburg Advance News
    https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/ogdensburg/ogdensburg-advance-news/1958/10-26/page-7
  303. Lehnert, Pascalina. Ich durfte ihm dienen, p. 197
  304. Hebblethwaite, Peter. John XXIII, Pope of the Council (revised edition), HarperCollins: Glasgow. 1994
  305. "CNS STORY: Sainthood congregation recommends Pope Pius XII be named venerable"
    http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070612181832/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0702592.htm
  306. Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 2
  307. AFP. 22 December 2009. "Wiesenthal Center shocked at pope Pius sainthood moves Archived 22 November 2011 at the Wayback
    https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hkzlifIdlOmb9wKRtm48d4OADI4g
  308. Jacqueline Maley. 24 December 2009. "Rabbi hits out at Pope's Veneration of Pius XII". Sydney Morning Herald.
    http://www.smh.com.au/national/rabbi-hits-out-at-popes-veneration-of-pius-xii-20091222-lbsy.html
  309. NCR
    http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/st.-pius-xii-pope-francis-mulling-it-over-says-vatican-source
  310. "Pope May Open Holocaust Era Vatican Archives, Possibly Shedding Light on Pope Pius XII's Role"
    http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/01/19/pope-may-open-holocaust-era-vatican-archives-possibly-shedding-light-on-pope-pius-xii%e2%80%99s-role/
  311. "Report: Pope Francis to examine Pius' wartime record before deciding on sainthood"
    https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Report-Pope-Francis-to-examine-Pius-wartime-conduct-before-deciding-on-sainthood-338649
  312. "Report: Pope Secret Vatican archives on Pius not ready to be opened"
    https://www.jta.org/2014/01/20/news-opinion/world/report-secret-vatican-archives-on-pius-pontificate-not-ready-to-be-opened
  313. Catholic Herald
    http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2014/05/27/pope-francis-pius-xiis-beatification-has-stalled/
  314. "Dalla Teche Rai un Pio XII inatteso"
    http://www.papapioxii.it/dalla-teche-rai-un-pio-xii-inatteso/
  315. "Pio XII come Papa Francesco amava incontrare la gente"
    http://www.papapioxii.it/pio-xii-come-papa-francesco-amava-incontrare-la-gente/
  316. "Amazing Miracle Story for Pope Pius XII Canonization?"
    http://www.romancatholicman.com/amazing-miracle-story-for-pope-pius-xii-canonization/#.VUvCoWeT6dd.mailto
  317. "Questa malattia non è per la morte"
    http://www.papapioxii.it/questa-malattia-non-e-per-la-morte/
  318. Time. 16 August 1943.
  319. "New York Times 25 December 1941 and 25 December 1942"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100731121713/http://www.catholicleague.org/pius.php?id=21
  320. Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; pp. 40–41
  321. McInerney, 2001, p. 155
  322. McInerney, Ralph, The Defamation of Pius XII, 2001.
  323. Commentary
  324. "The Good Samaritan. Jewish Praise for Pope Pius XII by Dimitri Cavalli"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180823131406/http://www.ewtn.com/library/issues/pius12gs.htm
  325. "A Righteous Gentile: Pope Pius XII and the Jews"
    http://www.catholicleague.org/a-righteous-gentile-pope-pius-xii-and-the-jews/
  326. Lapide, Pinchas. Three Popes and the Jews, 1967, quoted in Dalin, 2005, p. 11
  327. e.g. Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust, p. 623
  328. Lapide, 1967, p. 269
  329. "Lapide was in the 1960s an Israeli consul in Milan and was attempting, at the time he made his inflated estimates, to s
  330. Pius XII; web 26 April 2013
    http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/462400/Pius-XII/236598/After-World-War-II
  331. Lichten, 1963, A Question of Judgement Archived 25 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
    http://www.catholicleague.org/piusxii_and_the_holocaust/quesjud5.htm
  332. Marchione, 2000, pp. 16–17.
  333. Giovanni Sale, Il Novecento tra genocidi, paure e speranze, Jaca Book, Milan 2006, p. 214, quoted in La Civiltà Cattolic
  334. "Moscow's Assault on the Vatican" Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, National Review Online, 25 January 20
    http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YTUzYmJhMGQ5Y2UxOWUzNDUyNWUwODJiOTEzYjY4NzI=
  335. Blet, Pierre. Pius XII and the Second World War, Paulist Press, 1999
  336. Phayer, 2000, pp. xii–xiii.
  337. Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust; web 26 April 2013
    http://www.britannica.com/holocaust/article-236599
  338. Kenneth L. Woodward. The Case Against Pius Xii, Newsweek. 27 September 1999.
    http://www.newsweek.com/id/89597
  339. Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; p. 38
  340. The Economist, 9 December 2004.
  341. "For God's sake". The Economist. 9 December 2004.
    http://www.economist.com/books/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3471137
  342. John Cornwell, The Pontiff in Winter (2004), p. 193
  343. Sanchez, 2002, p. 34
  344. Britannica.com
    http://www.britannica.com/holocaust/article-5770
  345. The Pope was wrong; by Andrew Roberts; The Spectator; 16 July 2008
    http://www.spectator.co.uk/books/839276/the-pope-was-wrong/
  346. Hitler's Pope? Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine by Sir Martin Gilbert; The American Spectator; 18 August 2006
    http://spectator.org/archives/2006/08/18/hitlers-pope/
  347. Dalin, 2005, p. 3
  348. Rychlak, Ronald J. Hitler, the War and the Pope Genesis Press, Columbus, MS: 2000, pp. 401 ff.
  349. Sparks fly at Pius XII debate in London Archived 5 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; Catholic Herald; 23 November 20
    http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2012/11/23/sparks-fly-at-pius-xii-debate-in-london/
  350. National Review
    http://markriebling.blogs.com/files/jesus-jews-shoah.pdf
  351. To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949
  352. "brief phases of reassurance about the role of the Pope were followed by waves of critical literature[-] and counteracte
  353. "Nazis on the Run by Gerald Steinacher—review"; by Richard J. Evans; The Guardian; 24 June 2011
    https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/24/nazis-run-gerald-steinacher-review0
  354. Jewish Virtual Library
    https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/piusdef2.html
  355. Jewish Virtual Library
    https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/vatrep.html
  356. Preliminary Report, p. 2
  357. Fogarty, Gerard P., The Vatican and the Holocaust, Presentation to the Dominican House of Studies, Washington, D.C., 9 D
  358. Preliminary Report, p. 5
  359. Preliminary Report, pp. 5–10
  360. Question One
  361. Preliminary Report, pp. 10–13
  362. Question 28
  363. Preliminary Report, pp. 13–14
  364. Question 42
  365. Melissa Radler. "Vatican Blocks Panel's Access to Holocaust Archives". The Jerusalem Post. 24 July 2001.
  366. "Catholic guilt"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080904222456/http://www.newstatesman.com/200310130045
  367. The Battle for Rome: The Germans, the Allies, the Partisans, and the Pope, September 1943 – June 1944
  368. Goñi, afterword to the revised 2003 edition, pp. 327–348.
  369. Brown-Fleming, 2006, Chapter 4: "Granting Absolution: Muench and the Catholic Clemency Campaign".
  370. Phayer, 2008, pp. xi–xvi
  371. Phayer, 2008, p. xi
  372. "Address at the conclusion of the symposium organized by the "Pave the Way Foundation""
    https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2008/september/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20080918_pave-the-way_en.html
  373. "Vatican recalls life and teachings of Pius XII 50 years after his death"
    https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/12968/vatican-recalls-life-and-teachings-of-pius-xii-50-years-after-his-death
  374. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/10/world/europe/10briefs-POPEDEFENDSP_BRF.html?ref=world
  375. Jerusalem Post. 2009, 17 June "Foundation says documents will show Pius helped Jews".
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110624130904/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1245184852508&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull
  376. Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War Against Hitler
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UpxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT47
  377. Pope Francis: Pius XII archives to open next year, Vatican News, 4 March 2019.
    https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-03/pope-francis-vatican-secret-archives-pius-xii.html
  378. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/04/vatican-to-open-archives-on-controversial-wwii-pope-pius-xii
  379. The Shift in the Vatican Secret Archives, Historia Domus, 10 March 2019.
    https://www.historiadomus.net/2019/03/10/the-shift-in-the-vatican-secret-archives
  380. "No 'smoking gun' yet in Pius XII archives, researchers say"
    https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/no-smoking-gun-yet-pius-xii-archives-researchers-say
  381. "Feldkamp: Pope Pius XII knew early about Holocaust and saved many Jews – Vatican News". February 2022.
    https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2022-02/feldkamp-pope-pius-xii-holocaust-history-archives.html
  382. The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJTEAAAQBAJ
  383. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/pope-pius-xii-negotiation-hitler-catholic-church/639435/
  384. Corriere della Sera
    https://www.corriere.it/cultura/23_settembre_16/pio-xii-sapeva-shoah-prova-una-lettera-scritta-1942-un-gesuita-tedesco-380489dc-53fb-11ee-8884-717525326594.shtml
  385. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-vatican-jews-poland-nazi-b2412693.html
  386. Associated Press News
    https://apnews.com/article/vatican-legion-pius-xii-abuse-91744e8054aa839647633e1d56372165
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.