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Pope Pius XI

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Pope Pius XI

Pope Pius XI (Italian: Pio XI; born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, Italian: [amˈbrɔːdʒo daˈmjaːno aˈkille ˈratti]; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939) was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 until his death in February 1939. He was also the first sovereign of the Vatican City upon its creation on 11 February 1929. Pius XI issued numerous encyclicals, including Quadragesimo anno on the 40th anniversary of Pope Leo XIII's groundbreaking social encyclical Rerum novarum, highlighting the capitalistic greed of international finance, the dangers of atheistic socialism/communism, and social justice issues, and Quas primas, establishing the feast of Christ the King in response to anti-clericalism. The encyclical Studiorum ducem, promulgated 29 June 1923, was written on the occasion of the 6th centenary of the canonization of Thomas Aquinas, whose thought is acclaimed as central to Catholic philosophy and theology. The encyclical also singles out the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum as the preeminent institution for the teaching of Aquinas: "ante omnia Pontificium Collegium Angelicum, ubi Thomam tamquam domi suae habitare dixeris" (before all others the Pontifical Angelicum College, where Thomas can be said to dwell). The encyclical Casti connubii promulgated on 31 December 1930 prohibited Catholics from using contraception. To establish or maintain the position of the Catholic Church, Pius XI concluded a record number of concordats, including the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany, and he condemned their betrayals four years later in the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge ("With Burning Concern"). During his pontificate, the longstanding hostility with the Italian government over the status of the papacy and the Church in Italy was successfully resolved in the Lateran Treaty of 1929. He was unable to stop the persecution of the Church and the killing of clergy in Mexico, Spain, and the Soviet Union. He canonized saints including Thomas More, Peter Canisius, Bernadette of Lourdes, and Don Bosco. He beatified and canonized Thérèse de Lisieux, for whom he held special reverence, and gave equivalent canonization to Albertus Magnus, naming him a Doctor of the Church due to his writings' spiritual power. He took a strong interest in fostering the participation of laypeople throughout the Church, especially in the Catholic Action movement. The end of his pontificate was dominated by speaking out against Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, and defending the Catholic Church from intrusions into its life and education. Pius XI died on 10 February 1939 in the Apostolic Palace and was buried in the Papal Grotto of Saint Peter's Basilica. In the course of excavating space for his tomb, two levels of burial grounds were uncovered that revealed bones now venerated as the bones of St. Peter.

Infobox

Church
Catholic Church
Predecessor
Benedict XV
Oreste Giorgi
27 April 1924
Died
10 February 1939(1939-02-10) (aged 81)Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
Ordination
20 December 1879by Raffaele Monaco La Valletta
Ordained by
Raffaele Monaco La Valletta
Co-consecrators
Józef Sebastian PelczarStanisław Kazimierz Zdzitowiecki
Previous posts
mw- Chief of the Ambrosian Library (1907–1914) Vice-Prefect of the Vatican Library (1914–1915) Prefect of the Vatican Library (1915–1919) Titular Archbishop of Naupactus (1919–1921) Apostolic Nuncio to Poland (1919–1921) Titular Archbishop of Adana (April–June 1921) Archbishop of Milan (1921–1922) Cardinal Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti (1921–1922)
Rank
Cardinal priest
History
HistoryPriestly ordinationOrdained byRaffaele Monaco La VallettaDate20 December 1879Episcopal consecrationPrincipal consecratorAleksander KakowskiCo-consecratorsJózef Sebastian PelczarStanisław Kazimierz ZdzitowieckiDate28 October 1919CardinalateElevated byPope Benedict XVDate13 June 1921
Papacy ended
10 February 1939
Date
13 June 1921
Principal consecrator
Aleksander Kakowski
Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
21 July 1929
Successor
Pius XII
Created cardinal
13 June 1921by Benedict XV
Education
Pontifical Gregorian University (ThD, JCD, PhD)
Born
Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti(1857-05-31)31 May 1857Desio, Lombardy–Venetia, Austrian Empire
Papacy began
6 February 1922
Consecration
28 October 1919by Aleksander Kakowski
Elevated by
Pope Benedict XV
Motto
Pax Christi in Regno Christi(Latin for 'The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ') Raptim transit(Latin for 'It goes by swiftly')[a]
Episcopal succession
Episcopal successionBishops consecrated by Pope Pius XI as principal consecratorOreste Giorgi27 April 1924Michele Lega11 July 1926Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster21 July 1929
Michele Lega
11 July 1926

Tables

· External links
Preceded byGiovanni Francesco Compagnoni Marefoschi
Preceded byGiovanni Francesco Compagnoni Marefoschi
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byGiovanni Francesco Compagnoni Marefoschi
Diplomatic posts
Apostolic Nuncio to Poland 3 July 1919 – 13 June 1921
Diplomatic posts
Succeeded byLorenzo Lauri
Catholic Church titles
Catholic Church titles
Diplomatic posts
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byBiagio Pisani
Preceded byBiagio Pisani
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byBiagio Pisani
Diplomatic posts
— TITULAR — Titular Archbishop of Naupactus 3 July 1919 – 19 April 1921
Diplomatic posts
Succeeded byFederico Tedeschini
Preceded byCorradino Maria Cavriani
Preceded byCorradino Maria Cavriani
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byCorradino Maria Cavriani
Diplomatic posts
— TITULAR — Titular Archbishop of Adana 19 April 1921 – 13 June 1921
Diplomatic posts
Succeeded byErmenegildo Pellegrinetti
Preceded byAndrea Ferrari
Preceded byAndrea Ferrari
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byAndrea Ferrari
Diplomatic posts
Archbishop of Milan 13 June 1921 – 6 February 1922
Diplomatic posts
Succeeded byEugenio Tosi
Preceded byGiulio Tonti
Preceded byGiulio Tonti
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byGiulio Tonti
Diplomatic posts
Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti 16 June 1921 – 6 February 1922
Diplomatic posts
Succeeded byEugenio Tosi
Preceded byBenedict XV
Preceded byBenedict XV
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byBenedict XV
Diplomatic posts
Pope 6 February 1922 – 10 February 1939
Diplomatic posts
Succeeded byPius XII
Awards and achievements
Awards and achievements
Diplomatic posts
Awards and achievements
Preceded byCarter Glass
Preceded byCarter Glass
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byCarter Glass
Diplomatic posts
Cover of Time Magazine 16 June 1924
Diplomatic posts
Succeeded byHiram W. Evans
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byGiovanni Francesco Compagnoni Marefoschi
Apostolic Nuncio to Poland 3 July 1919 – 13 June 1921
Succeeded byLorenzo Lauri
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byBiagio Pisani
— TITULAR — Titular Archbishop of Naupactus 3 July 1919 – 19 April 1921
Succeeded byFederico Tedeschini
Preceded byCorradino Maria Cavriani
— TITULAR — Titular Archbishop of Adana 19 April 1921 – 13 June 1921
Succeeded byErmenegildo Pellegrinetti
Preceded byAndrea Ferrari
Archbishop of Milan 13 June 1921 – 6 February 1922
Succeeded byEugenio Tosi
Preceded byGiulio Tonti
Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti 16 June 1921 – 6 February 1922
Succeeded byEugenio Tosi
Preceded byBenedict XV
Pope 6 February 1922 – 10 February 1939
Succeeded byPius XII
Awards and achievements
Preceded byCarter Glass
Cover of Time Magazine 16 June 1924
Succeeded byHiram W. Evans

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  144. Job 6:15
  145. Action Française claimed Billot's resignation was in direct response to the Pope's censure of their organization, howeve
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