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Pope Leo X

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Pope Leo X

Pope Leo X (Italian: Leone X; born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, 11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his death in December 1521. Born into the prominent political and banking Medici family of Florence, Giovanni was the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of the Florentine Republic, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489. Following the death of Pope Julius II, Giovanni was elected pope after securing the backing of the younger members of the College of Cardinals. Early on in his rule he oversaw the closing sessions of the Fifth Council of the Lateran, but struggled to implement the reforms agreed. In 1517 he led a costly war that succeeded in securing his nephew Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici as Duke of Urbino, but reduced papal finances. In Protestant circles, Leo is associated with granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica, a practice that was soon challenged by Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Leo rejected the Protestant Reformation, and his Papal bull of 1520, Exsurge Domine, condemned Luther's condemnatory stance, rendering ongoing communication difficult. He borrowed and spent money without circumspection and was a significant patron of the arts. Under his reign, Marco Girolamo Vida began composing at the Pope's request a Virgilian Latin epic poem about the life of Jesus called the Christiad, progress was made on the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, and artists such as Raphael decorated the Vatican rooms. Leo also reorganised the Roman University, and promoted Renaissance humanist study of literature, poetry, and Classics. He died in 1521 and is buried in Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome. He was the last pope not to have been in priestly orders at the time of his election to the papacy.

Infobox

Church
Catholic Church
Papacy began
9 March 1513
Papacy ended
1 December 1521
Predecessor
Piero Soderini
Successor
Giuliano de' Medici
Previous posts
mw- Abbot Ordinary of Montecassino (1486–1504) Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica (1492–1513) Apostolic Administrator of Pesaro (1503–1504) Apostolic Administrator of Amalfi (1510–1513) Head of state of Florence (1512-1513)
Ordination
15 March 1513by Raffaele Riario
Consecration
17 March 1513by Raffaele Sansone Riario
Created cardinal
9 March 1489 (in pectore)23 March 1492 (revealed)by Innocent VIII
Born
Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici11 December 1475Florence, Republic of Florence
Died
1 December 1521 (aged 45)Rome, Papal States
Buried
Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome
Parents
Lorenzo de' MediciClarice Orsini
Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici
Giovanni di Lorenzo de' MediciHead of state of FlorenceReign31 August 1512 – 9 March 1513PredecessorPiero SoderiniSuccessorGiuliano de' Medici
Reign
31 August 1512 – 9 March 1513

Tables

· External links
Catholic Church titles
Catholic Church titles
Pope Leo X House of MediciBorn: 11 December 1475 Died: 1 December 1521
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byPope Julius II
Preceded byPope Julius II
Pope Leo X House of MediciBorn: 11 December 1475 Died: 1 December 1521
Preceded byPope Julius II
Pope Leo X House of MediciBorn: 11 December 1475 Died: 1 December 1521
Pope 9 March 1513 – 1 December 1521
Pope Leo X House of MediciBorn: 11 December 1475 Died: 1 December 1521
Succeeded byPope Adrian VI
Pope Leo X House of MediciBorn: 11 December 1475 Died: 1 December 1521
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byPope Julius II
Pope 9 March 1513 – 1 December 1521
Succeeded byPope Adrian VI

References

  1. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
    http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-leone-x_(Dizionario-Biografico)/
  2. Löffler 1910.
  3. sourcebooks.fordham.edu
    https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/lorenzomed1.asp
  4. Williams 1998, p. 71.
  5. "Pope Leo X"
    https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/
  6. Setton 1984, p. 118.
  7. Phillips-Court 2011, p. 90.
  8. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Biographical Dictionary – Consistory of March 9, 1489"
    https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1489.htm#Medici
  9. Tomas 2017, p. 13.
  10. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/985823
  11. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leo_(popes)/Leo_X
  12. Minnich & Raphael 2003, pp. 1005–1052.
  13. "Pope Adds 7 Cardinals to a Record 37 Chosen Last Week (Published 2001)"
    https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/29/world/pope-adds-7-cardinals-to-a-record-37-chosen-last-week.html
  14. "Leo X, Pope (1475–1521)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140407104828/http://www.palazzo-medici.it/mediateca/en/Scheda_Leone_X
  15. Paul Strathern, The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance, 2008, p. 244
  16. Pastor 1908, pp. 72, 74.
  17. Pastor 1908, p. 78.
  18. Roscoe gives an instance of Leo's skill (Roscoe 1806, p. 493). See also Pastor 1908, pp. 77, 149ff.
  19. Lilly, William Samuel. The Claims of Christianity (1894) p. 191
  20. Löffler, Klemens. "Pope Leo X." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 23 December 2
    http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09162a.htm
  21. Pastor 1908, p. 76.
  22. Pastor 1908, p. 76 and Vaughan 1908, p. 282, both citing the Venetian ambassador Marco Minio, and also Pastor 1908, pp.
  23. Virtues of benevolence: Pastor 1908, p. 81; political treachery: Roscoe 1806, pp. 464ff.
  24. The claim was made by John Bale in Pageant of Popes (published posthumously in 1574); for the proliferation of the story
  25. Roscoe 1806, pp. 478–486; Pastor 1908, pp. 79–81. Vaughan, reviewing the allegation of blasphemous infidelity, called it
  26. Siebert 1990, p. 95 citing Hume's History of England (1754–1762), vol. 3, p. 95.
  27. Letter of 6 September 1520, published as a preface to his Freedom of a Christian. See Hans Joachim Hillerbrand, The Divi
  28. Pastor 1908, pp. 75ff.
  29. The March of Folly
    https://archive.org/details/marchoffollyfrom00tuch
  30. faculty.webster.edu
    http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/personal/reading/tuchman-folly.html
  31. Raphael: His Life and Works. With Particular Reference to Recently Discovered Records, and an Exhaustive Study of Extant Drawings and Pictures Volume 2 (1882–85)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-NZAAAAAYAAJ&dq=the+coronation+of+charlemagne+raphael&pg=PA361
  32. Crocker III 2001, p. 222.
  33. Pastor 1908, p. 144.
  34. See generally on his love of music: Roscoe 1806, pp. 487–490 and Pastor 1908, pp. 144–148.
  35. Cummings 1884–1885, pp. 103ff.
  36. Cummings 2009, p. 586.
  37. Buffoonery: Roscoe 1806, pp. 491–496; Pastor 1908, pp. 77, 151–156. Fowling and hunting: Roscoe 1806, pp. 496–498; Pasto
  38. Vaughan 1908, p. 283.
  39. Bedini 1981, pp. 79ff. And see Pastor 1908, pp. 154ff.
  40. Falconi, Carlo, Leone X, Milano (1987).
  41. See, e.g., Cesareo 1938, pp. 4ff, 78; see also references to lampoons in (Roscoe 1806, p. 464 footnote) (he also prints
  42. Paolo Giovio, De Vita Leonis Decimi Pont. Max., Firenze (1548, 4 vols), written for the Medici Pope Clement VII and comp
  43. www.bbc.co.uk
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/luther_martin.shtml
  44. Wilson 2007, p. 282; This allegation (made in the pamphlet Warnunge D. Martini Luther/ An seine lieben Deudschen, Witte
  45. Passage from Supernae dispositionis arbitrio quoted by Jill Burke (Burke 2006, p. 491). Herculaneo, Matteo, publ. in Fab
  46. Those who have rejected the evidence include: Fabroni, Angelo, Leone X: Pontificis Maximi Vita, Pisa (1797) at p. 165 wi
  47. The most recent biography of the pope speculates that his private life may have been marked by moral irregularity: Falco
  48. A History of the Popes, London (1939), p. 409.
  49. See, e.g., Pastor 1908, p. 81
  50. Reformation 500
    https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/
  51. www.sgira.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220401090054/http://www.sgira.org/hm/pope_hadrian_6.htm
  52. Knights of St. Peter and St. Paul
    http://www.knightsofstpeterandstpaul.com/history.html
  53. www.luminarium.org
    https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/leo10.htm
  54. Pelican History of Art
  55. www.uniroma1.it
    https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/la-storia
  56. Hart, Vaughan, Hicks, Peter, Palladio's Rome. Translation of Andrea Palladio's L'Antichita di Roma and Descritione de le
  57. Vita Leonis Decimi, pontifici maximi: libri IV
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VrVQAAAAcAAJ
  58. Lancetti, Vencenzo (1831). Della vita e degli scritti di Marco Girolamo Vida (in Italian). Milano: Giuseppe Crespi. pp.
  59. Ford, Jeremiah. "Giangiorgio Trissino." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 2 Ja
    http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15061a.htm
  60. Celebrated Crimes, Vol. I. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1910, pp. 361–414 [1]
    https://www.angelfire.com/mn3/mixed_lit/dumas_cenci.htm
  61. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Emanuel_I.
  62. Yeshiva University Museum
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160815204146/http://www.jewishhistory.com/PRINTINGTHETALMUD/essays/7.pdf
  63. Encyclopedia Judaica
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