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Pope Benedict XVI

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Pope Benedict XVI

Pope Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger; 16 April 1927 – 31 December 2022) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 2005 until his resignation in 2013. Following his resignation, he chose to be known as "pope emeritus", a title he held until his death on 31 December 2022. Ordained as a priest in 1951 in his native Bavaria, Ratzinger embarked on an academic career and established himself as a highly regarded theologian by the late 1950s. He was appointed a full professor in 1958 when aged 31. After a long career as a professor of theology at several German universities, he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and created a cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977, an unusual promotion for someone with little pastoral experience. In 1981, he was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most important dicasteries of the Roman Curia. In 2002, he also became Dean of the College of Cardinals. Before becoming pope, he had been "a major figure on the Vatican stage for a quarter of a century"; he had had an influence "second to none when it came to setting church priorities and directions" as one of John Paul II's closest confidants. Following the death of John Paul II on 2 April 2005, a conclave elected Ratzinger as his successor on 19 April; he chose Benedict XVI as his papal name in honour of Benedict XV and Benedict of Nursia. Benedict's writings were prolific and generally defended traditional Catholic doctrine, values, and liturgy. He was originally a liberal theologian but adopted conservative views after 1968. During his papacy, Benedict advocated a return to fundamental Christian values to counter the increased secularisation of many Western countries. He viewed relativism's denial of objective truth, and the denial of moral truths in particular, as the central problem of the 21st century. Benedict also revived several traditions and permitted greater use of the Tridentine Mass. He strengthened the relationship between the Catholic Church and art, promoted the use of Latin, and reintroduced traditional papal vestments, for which reason he was called "the pope of aesthetics". He also established personal ordinariates for former Anglicans and Methodists joining the Catholic Church. Benedict's handling of sexual abuse cases within the Catholic Church and opposition to usage of condoms in areas of high HIV transmission was criticized by public health officials, anti-AIDS activists, and victims' rights organizations. Citing health reasons due to his advanced age, Benedict resigned as pope on 28 February 2013. He became the first pope to resign from office since Gregory XII in 1415, and the first without external pressure since Celestine V in 1294. He subsequently moved into the newly renovated Mater Ecclesiae Monastery in Vatican City for his retirement. The 2013 conclave elected Francis as his successor on 13 March. In addition to his native German language, Benedict had some proficiency in French, Italian, English, and Spanish. He also knew Portuguese, Latin, Biblical Hebrew, and Biblical Greek. He was a member of several social science academies, such as the French Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques.

Infobox

Church
Catholic Church
Papacy began
19 April 2005
Papacy ended
28 February 2013
Predecessor
John Paul II
Successor
Francis
Previous posts
mw- Archbishop of Munich and Freising (1977–1982) Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino (1977–1993) Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (1981–2005) President of the Pontifical Biblical Commission (1981–2005) President of the International Theological Commission (1981–2005) Cardinal Bishop of Velletri–Segni (1993–2005) Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (2002–2005) Dean of the College of Cardinals (2002–2005)
Ordination
29 June 1951by Michael von Faulhaber
Consecration
28 May 1977by Josef Stangl
Created cardinal
27 June 1977by Paul VI
Rank
Cardinal priest (1977–1993) Cardinal bishop (1993–2005)
Born
Joseph Alois Ratzinger(1927-04-16)16 April 1927Marktl, Germany
Died
31 December 2022(2022-12-31) (aged 95)Mater Ecclesiae Monastery, Vatican City
Buried
Vatican Grottoes, St. Peter's Basilica
Education
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Motto
Cooperatores veritatis(Latin for 'Cooperators of the truth')
Era
Contemporary philosophy
Region
Western philosophy
School
Augustinianism Nouvelle théologie
Main interests
Christian theology Ecclesiology
Notable works
Jesus of Nazareth Introduction to Christianity Eschatology Deus caritas est
Notable ideas
Rejection of dehellenization Hermeneutic of continuity
History
HistoryDiaconal ordinationOrdained byJohannes NeuhäuslerDate29 October 1950PlaceFreising Cathedral, FreisingPriestly ordinationOrdained byMichael von FaulhaberDate29 June 1951PlaceFreising Cathedral, FreisingEpiscopal consecrationPrincipal consecratorJosef StanglCo-consecratorsRudolf Graber [de]Ernst Tewes [de]Date28 May 1977PlaceFrauenkirche, MunichCardinalateElevated byPope Paul VIDate27 June 1977
Ordained by
Michael von Faulhaber
Date
27 June 1977
Place
Frauenkirche, Munich
Principal consecrator
Josef Stangl
Co-consecrators
Rudolf Graber [de]Ernst Tewes [de]
Elevated by
Pope Paul VI
Episcopal succession
Episcopal successionBishops consecrated by Pope Benedict XVI as principal consecratorAlberto Bovone12 May 1984Zygmunt Zimowski25 May 2002Josef Clemens6 January 2004Bruno Forte8 September 2004Mieczysław Mokrzycki29 September 2007Francesco Giovanni Brugnaro29 September 2007Gianfranco Ravasi29 September 2007Tommaso Caputo29 September 2007Sergio Pagano29 September 2007Vincenzo Di Mauro29 September 2007Gabriele Giordano Caccia12 September 2009Franco Coppola12 September 2009Pietro Parolin12 September 2009Raffaello Martinelli12 September 2009Giorgio Corbellini12 September 2009Savio Hon5 February 2011Marcello Bartolucci5 February 2011Celso Morga Iruzubieta5 February 2011Antonio Guido Filipazzi5 February 2011Edgar Peña Parra5 February 2011Charles John Brown6 January 2012Marek Solczyński6 January 2012Angelo Vincenzo Zani6 January 2013Fortunatus Nwachukwu6 January 2013Georg Gänswein6 January 2013Nicolas Thévenin6 January 2013
Alberto Bovone
12 May 1984
Zygmunt Zimowski
25 May 2002
Josef Clemens
6 January 2004
Bruno Forte
8 September 2004
Mieczysław Mokrzycki
29 September 2007
Francesco Giovanni Brugnaro
29 September 2007
Gianfranco Ravasi
29 September 2007
Tommaso Caputo
29 September 2007
Sergio Pagano
29 September 2007
Vincenzo Di Mauro
29 September 2007
Gabriele Giordano Caccia
12 September 2009
Franco Coppola
12 September 2009
Pietro Parolin
12 September 2009
Raffaello Martinelli
12 September 2009
Giorgio Corbellini
12 September 2009
Savio Hon
5 February 2011
Marcello Bartolucci
5 February 2011
Celso Morga Iruzubieta
5 February 2011
Antonio Guido Filipazzi
5 February 2011
Edgar Peña Parra
5 February 2011
Charles John Brown
6 January 2012
Marek Solczyński
6 January 2012
Angelo Vincenzo Zani
6 January 2013
Fortunatus Nwachukwu
6 January 2013
Georg Gänswein
6 January 2013
Nicolas Thévenin
6 January 2013

Tables

Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI · Coat of arms
Notes Pope Benedict XVI's coat of arms was designed by then Archbishop Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo (who later was created a cardinal) soon after the papal election. Benedict's coat of arms omitted the papal tiara, which traditionally appears in the background to designate the pope's position as a worldly ruler like a king, replacing it with a simple mitre, emphasising his spiritual authority. Helm Bishop's miter Escutcheon Gules, chape ployé or, with a scallop shell or; the dexter chape with a Moor's head proper, crowned and collared gules, the sinister chape a bear trippant proper, carrying a pack gules belted sable. Other elements Keys of Peter behind the shield, papal mantling, and pallium Symbolism Moor of Freising : The Moor's head is an heraldic charge associated with Freising, Germany. Corbinian's bear : A legend states that while travelling to Rome, Saint Corbinian's pack horse was killed by a bear. He commanded the bear to carry the load. Once he arrived, he released it from his service, and it returned to Bavaria. The implication is that "Christianity tamed and domesticated the ferocity of paganism and thus laid the foundations for a great civilisation in the Duchy of Bavaria." At the same time, Corbinian's bear, as God's beast of burden, symbolizes the weight of office that Benedict carried. Scallop shell : The symbolism of the scallop shell is multiple; one reference is to Saint Augustine. While a doctoral candidate in 1953, Ratzinger wrote a thesis titled The People and the House of God in St Augustine's Doctrine of the Church, and therefore had a personal connection with the thought of this Doctor of the Church.
· External links
Preceded by
Preceded by
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Catholic Church titles
Priest of Munich and Freising 29 June 1951 - 24 March 1977
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded by
Preceded byJulius Döpfner
Preceded byJulius Döpfner
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byJulius Döpfner
Catholic Church titles
Archbishop of Munich and Freising 24 March 1977 – 15 February 1982
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byFriedrich Wetter
Preceded byJérôme Rakotomalala
Preceded byJérôme Rakotomalala
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byJérôme Rakotomalala
Catholic Church titles
Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino 27 June 1977 – 5 April 1993
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byRicardo María Carles Gordó
Preceded byFranjo Šeper
Preceded byFranjo Šeper
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byFranjo Šeper
Catholic Church titles
Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 25 November 1981 – 2 April 2005
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byWilliam Levada
Preceded bySebastiano Baggio
Preceded bySebastiano Baggio
Catholic Church titles
Preceded bySebastiano Baggio
Catholic Church titles
Cardinal-Bishop of Velletri–Segni 5 April 1993 – 19 April 2005
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byFrancis Arinze
Preceded byAgostino Casaroli
Preceded byAgostino Casaroli
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byAgostino Casaroli
Catholic Church titles
Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals 9 June 1998 – 30 November 2002
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byAngelo Sodano
Preceded byBernardin Gantin
Preceded byBernardin Gantin
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byBernardin Gantin
Catholic Church titles
Dean of the College of Cardinals 30 November 2002 – 19 April 2005
Preceded byJohn Paul II
Preceded byJohn Paul II
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byJohn Paul II
Catholic Church titles
Pope 19 April 2005 – 28 February 2013
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byFrancis
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Priest of Munich and Freising 29 June 1951 - 24 March 1977
Succeeded by
Preceded byJulius Döpfner
Archbishop of Munich and Freising 24 March 1977 – 15 February 1982
Succeeded byFriedrich Wetter
Preceded byJérôme Rakotomalala
Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino 27 June 1977 – 5 April 1993
Succeeded byRicardo María Carles Gordó
Preceded byFranjo Šeper
Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 25 November 1981 – 2 April 2005
Succeeded byWilliam Levada
Preceded bySebastiano Baggio
Cardinal-Bishop of Velletri–Segni 5 April 1993 – 19 April 2005
Succeeded byFrancis Arinze
Preceded byAgostino Casaroli
Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals 9 June 1998 – 30 November 2002
Succeeded byAngelo Sodano
Preceded byBernardin Gantin
Dean of the College of Cardinals 30 November 2002 – 19 April 2005
Preceded byJohn Paul II
Pope 19 April 2005 – 28 February 2013
Succeeded byFrancis

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