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Pope Alexander VI

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Pope Alexander VI

Pope Alexander VI (Italian: Alessandro VI, Valencian: Alexandre VI, Spanish: Alejandro VI; born Roderic Llançol i de Borja; epithet: Valentinus ("The Valencian"); c. 1431 – 18 August 1503) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent Borja family in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (in present-day Spain), he was known as Roderic de Borja, and he is commonly referred to by the Italianized form as Rodrigo Borgia. He studied law at the University of Bologna. He was ordained deacon and made a cardinal in 1456 after the election of his uncle as Pope Callixtus III, and a year later he became vice-chancellor of the Catholic Church. He proceeded to serve in the Roman Curia under the next four popes, acquiring significant influence and wealth in the process. In 1492, Rodrigo was elected pope, taking the name Alexander VI. Alexander's papal bulls of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the New World following the finds of Christopher Columbus in 1492. During the second Italian war, Alexander VI supported his son Cesare Borgia as a condottiero for the French king. The scope of his foreign policy was to gain the most advantageous terms for his family. Alexander is one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. As a result, his Italianized Valencian surname, Borgia, became a byword for libertinism and nepotism, which are traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate.

Infobox

Church
Catholic Church
Papacy began
11 August 1492
Papacy ended
18 August 1503
Predecessor
Innocent VIII
Successor
Pius III
Previous posts
mw- Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere (1456–1471) Administrator of Girona (1457–1458) Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata (1458–1492) Administrator of Valencia (1458–1492) Bishop of Urgell (1467–1472) Cardinal-Bishop of Albano (1471–1476) Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (1476–1492) Administrator of Cartagena (1482–1492) Administrator of Mallorca (1489–1492) Administrator of Eger (1491–1492) Archbishop of Valencia (1492)
Ordination
1468
Consecration
30 October 1471
Created cardinal
17 September 1456by Callixtus III
Born
Roderic de Borjac. 1431Xàtiva, Kingdom of Valencia, Crown of Aragon (now Spain)
Died
18 August 1503 (aged 71–72)Rome, Papal States
Buried
Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli, Rome
Nationality
Valencian, Aragonese
Denomination
Catholic Church
Parents
Jofré Llançol i EscrivàIsabel de Borja
Partner
Vannozza dei Cattanei
Children
Pier LuigiGirolamaIsabellaCesareGiovanniLucreziaGioffreOthers disputed[Note 1]
Education
University of Bologna

Tables

· External links
Preceded byInnocent VIII
Preceded byInnocent VIII
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byInnocent VIII
Catholic Church titles
Pope 11 August 1492 – 18 August 1503
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byPius III
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byInnocent VIII
Pope 11 August 1492 – 18 August 1503
Succeeded byPius III

References

  1. Claims of paternity and numbers of children are disputed. See G. J. Meyer, Christopher Hibbert, and Ferdinand Gregoroviu
  2. Valencian: Roderic Llançol i de Borja [roðeˈɾiɡ ʎanˈsɔl i ðe ˈbɔɾdʒa]; Spanish: Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja [roˈðɾiɣo lanˈ
  3. "The Spaniards had been trying to take back their country from the Moors for almost 800 years. By the middle of the 15th
  4. "As for her reputation, there is absolutely no evidence for the rumors of incest with one or more of her brothers – or i
  5. "The holy year 1500 definitively ushered in the custom of opening a holy door on Christmas Eve and closing it the follow
  6. "[A]ll the clergy of the city were invited to the opening of the [1500] Jubilee. The pope himself performed this ceremon
  7. "The permanent group of skilled workers and artisans, in every trade, who with their assistants take care of St. Peter's
  8. Doubtful, but possible. On a similar claim: "Without any solid evidence Giulia is said to have been the model for Pintur
  9. "[T]here is every reason to believe," writes the Dublin Review, that Pope Alexander VI died "in sentiments of piety and
  10. The historical value of Bishop Celadoni's funeral oration is said to be immense: "On 16 Sept 1503 Burchardus records in
  11. Latin text: "Dum graviter aegrotaret, factorum conscientia punctus contrito dolentique animo ad lachrymas ut audio fusus
  12. "Throughout the Middle Ages a 'tradition' or 'custom' involving pillaging was attached to the death and election of high
  13. "In consequence of the simultaneous illness of both the Pope and his son, and the rapid decomposition of the body, which
  14. "As part of his proposed new reforms, Alexander now nominated a commission of six of the most pious cardinals, and less
  15. See inscription on 5 Ducat piece File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg "Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia
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  106. Mallett (1981), passim [page needed]
  107. History Today
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  108. Mallett (1981), p. 9
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