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Pope Adrian IV

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Pope Adrian IV

Pope Adrian (or Hadrian) IV (Latin: Hadrianus IV; born Nicholas Breakspear (or Brekespear); c. 1100 – 1 September 1159) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 4 December 1154 until his death in 1159. He is the only pope to have been born in England and the first pope from the Anglosphere. Adrian was born in Hertfordshire, England, but little is known of his early life. Although he does not appear to have received a great degree of schooling, while still a youth he travelled to the south of France where he was schooled in Arles, studying law. He then travelled to Avignon, where he joined the Abbey of Saint-Ruf. There he became a canon regular and was eventually appointed abbot. He travelled to Rome several times, where he appears to have caught the attention of Pope Eugene III, and was sent on a mission to Catalonia where the Reconquista was attempting to reclaim land from the Muslim Al-Andalus. Around this time his abbey complained to Eugene that Breakspear was too heavy a disciplinarian, and in order to make use of him as a papal legate as well as to pacify his monks, he was appointed Bishop of Albano some time around 1149. As bishop, Breakspear was soon sent on another diplomatic mission, this time to Scandinavia. At the outset of the Civil war era in Norway, Breakspear reorganised the Church in Norway and then moved on to Sweden. Here, he was very much acclaimed by the people, and when he left, chroniclers called him a saint. Breakspear returned to Rome in 1154; Eugene's successor Pope Anastasius IV had died only a few weeks previously. For reasons now unknown, but possibly at his predecessor's request, Breakspear was elected next pope by the cardinals. He was unable to complete his coronation service, however, because of the parlous state of politics in Rome, which also at the time was considered a den for 'heresy' and republicanism. Adrian decisively restored the papal authority there, but his other major policy issue—relations with the newly crowned Holy Roman emperor, Frederick I—started off badly and got progressively worse. Each party, as a result of a particular aggravating incident, found something to condemn the other for. As a result, Adrian entered into an alliance with the Byzantine emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, who was keen to re-assert his authority in the south of Italy, but was unable to do so due to the Norman kings' occupation of the region, now under William I of Sicily. Adrian's alliance with the Byzantine emperor came to nothing, as William decisively defeated Manuel and forced Adrian to come to terms at the Treaty of Benevento. This alienated Emperor Frederick even more, as he saw it as a repudiation of their existing treaty. Relations soured further when Frederick laid claim to a large swathe of territory in northern Italy. Adrian's relations with his country of birth, however, seem to have remained generally good. Certainly, he showered St Albans Abbey with privileges, and he appears to have forwarded King Henry II's policies where he could. Most famously, in 1158 Adrian is supposed to have granted Henry the papal bull Laudabiliter, which is thought to have authorised Henry to invade Ireland. Henry did not do so, however, for another 14 years, and scholars are uncertain whether the bull ever existed. Following Adrian's death at Anagni, there was uncertainty as to who to succeed him, with both pro- and anti-imperial cardinals voting for different candidates. Although Pope Alexander III officially took over, the subsequent election of an antipope led to a 22-year-long schism. Scholars have debated Adrian's pontificate widely. Much of a positive nature—his building programme and reorganisation of papal finances, for example—has been identified, particularly in the context of such a short reign. He was also up against powerful forces out of his control, which, while he never overcame them, he managed effectively.

Infobox

Church
Catholic Church
Papacy began
4 December 1154
Papacy ended
1 September 1159
Predecessor
Anastasius IV
Successor
Alexander III
Created cardinal
1146by Eugene III
Born
Nicholas Breakspearc. 1100Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire, England
Died
1 September 1159 (aged 58–59)Anagni, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire

Tables

· External links
Preceded byPietro Papareschi
Preceded byPietro Papareschi
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byPietro Papareschi
Catholic Church titles
Bishop of Albano 1149–1154
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byWalter II of Albano
Preceded byAnastasius IV
Preceded byAnastasius IV
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byAnastasius IV
Catholic Church titles
Pope 1154–1159
Catholic Church titles
Succeeded byAlexander III
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byPietro Papareschi
Bishop of Albano 1149–1154
Succeeded byWalter II of Albano
Preceded byAnastasius IV
Pope 1154–1159
Succeeded byAlexander III

References

  1. The historian R. L. Poole speculates that Adrian may have been born many years later, as he was sent on a lengthy trip t
  2. The only reliable source closest to his own life is that by Cardinal Boso in the Liber Pontificalis, but, comments Brook
  3. Christopher Brooke also surmises that, with a surname such as "Camera", he was likely to have been a clerk.
  4. Richard may have been a married priest, as, during his son's later struggle with the Holy Roman Emperor, the latter asse
  5. In English, St Rufus, this was an important regional motherhouse.
  6. Eugenius may also have been an Anglophile, as it appears that he once told John of Salisbury "that he found the English
  7. The first had been the theologian Robert Pullen, to the Cardinalate of SS. Martino e Silvestro.
  8. The scholar Damian Smith notes a pre-existing connection between Breakspear and the region through his predecessor at St
  9. Breakspear was one of two English clerics who influenced Scandinavian Christianity at this time; the other was Henry, Bi
  10. However, the contemporary chronicler of 12th-century Popes Boso, noted that—notwithstanding the hostility of Rome to the
  11. The Roman commune's idiosyncrasies included creating its own minuscule script, a unique dating system and its own seal a
  12. A student of Abelard's at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame de Paris, Arnold has been described by the ecclesiastic his
  13. The German historian Walter Norden argues that Manuel wasHoping with the help of the papacy to rise to dominion over the
  14. A new pope would usually be elected in the Lateran, but this was currently holding Anastasius' body.
  15. At this point, a simple majority vote sufficed until 1179, when the Third Lateran Council increased the required majorit
  16. Ullmann notes that this was "a somewhat unusual feature at the time, as many popes were not in orders at the time of the
  17. The Leonine City was built by Pope Leo III in the 9th century. It was located to the northwest of Rome, beyond the city
  18. During this period, the Norman Kingdom of Sicily comprised not just the island of Sicily, but most of Southern Italy—Apu
  19. This was not only a spiritual punishment for the city; the drying up of the pilgrimage industry during Lent led to econo
  20. The sources have not recorded the precise date of the meeting, but the 7th, 8th or 9th of the month all seem most likely
  21. The affair was presumably settled diplomatically, as Barbarossa accepted his crown from Adrian in spite of it, and yet t
  22. The precise nature of these "old documents" remains unclear; it is possible that they were fragments of Constantine's "D
  23. Both parties' perspectives were recorded subsequently by sympathetic chroniclers. That of the Empire recorded a meeting
  24. Not only was the Emperor anointed on the shoulder, rather than as previously, on the head, but Adrian introduced a lower
  25. Adrian was deliberately rude to William, suggests the scholar Donald Matthew, for example referring to him as dominus (l
  26. The south of Italy, particularly Apulia, had a large Greek population, with Greek Orthodox churches, who "played importa
  27. The coastal towns of Apulia had large Greek populations.
  28. Benevento was a Papal enclave inside Sicilian southern Italy, so Adrian was unable to escape easily.
  29. This did not apply to the mainland of Southern Italy, but, Barber points out, this was effectively the status quo in any
  30. These were greater powers than the Emperor enjoyed in his realm, and thus embittered relations between him and the Pope
  31. Duggan suggests that once he had been elected as emperor, all he needed was a puppet pope, and that Adrian's policy of k
  32. The two parties used different terms to mean the same thing. Both originally used beneficium to mean a feudal holding. T
  33. Who may have been Cardinal Roland, suggests Duggan.
  34. Besançon was an important Imperial town, being the capital of Upper Burgundy, and the Emperor's wedding celebration was
  35. Roland had been a student of Gratian and had gone on to teach at the University of Bologna; with Roland, comments Ullman
  36. Eskil at the time was persona non grata in the Empire, and Freed suggests that Adrian—while never placing his thoughts o
  37. Freed notes that beneficium had "three different meanings in the twelfth century: 'good deed', as Adrian pointed out in
  38. The Latinist Peter Godman has described Rainald as "a fomenter of schism and despiser of the Church".
  39. Specifically, as suggestione perversi hominis zizania seminantis or "the machinations of a depraved man sowing tares", a
  40. The ecclesiastical historian Z. N. Brooke has argued that the difference in meaning, while subtle to modern ears, would
  41. The basis of the Emperor's claims was, in Duggan's words, the belief that "virtually all civic administration was deemed
  42. Bolton notes, though, that even before their own "loyal son" become Pope, abbots of St Alban's "did everything in their
  43. The title of the grant came, as was traditional with Papal documents, from the opening words. In this case, the first se
  44. This was the same basis for the Papacy's claim to precedence over the Holy Roman Empire, as the inheritor of the ancient
  45. This is compounded by the fact that no copy of Laudabiliter is extant.
  46. Specifically, says the early medievalist Robin Frame, that of MacMurrough, King of Leinster, who, having been expelled f
  47. Nationality has been impossible to avoid in the subsequent historiography, comments the medievalist J. D. Hosler:The con
  48. Whilst at the same time making overtures to the Manuel I to formalise a trading treaty with Genoa.
  49. Eskil was a personal friend of Bernard of Clairvaux and had been responsible for originally introducing monasticism to D
  50. Swein was also a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor.
  51. Eventually the three provinces agreed on Uppsala as the centre of the proposed metropolitan, and Alexander III conferred
  52. This process involved Boso, as Chamberlain examining old rent books from the archives in the hope of discovering lost Pa
  53. For example, a loan from Pietro Frangipane in 1158 of 1,000 marks, for which a number of Papal castles had been given as
  54. Wickhma argues this was Papal policy: "aristocrats in Rome had to resign themselves to having possession of their lands,
  55. He did however defer rather than deny the request for a crusade, as he intimated that, if his conditions were met—i.e. t
  56. This particular letter has been described as expressing "ideas which are themselves highly abstruse...where either the i
  57. In an early letter, Theobald berates Adrian for sending a messenger who "has either betrayed his trust out of malice or
  58. This compares, however, to 713 from Alexander III's pontificate.[clarification needed]
  59. Indeed, R. L. Poole has asserted that John had an illegitimate son, which he named Adrian in the Pope's honour, and that
  60. Boso also wrote vitae of Innocent II, Eugenius III and Alexander III.
  61. Sheehy describes Boso as "one of the most influential clerics in the England of his day", who later became Bishop of Cha
  62. The gender historian James Boswell, writing in his Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, emphasises, howeve
  63. The 16th-century martyrologist John Foxe later said that this had been caused by the Pope choking on a fly.
  64. The letter of the law, as expressed by Cardinal Pietro Senex in 1130 that "there must be no mention of the successor bef
  65. Anne Duggan, while acknowledging that there were a small number of cardinals who can be closely identified with either s
  66. The Papal lands would effectively stay this way until the annexation of the Papal States in 1870.
  67. Not to be confused with the Antipapacy of Cardinal Gregorio Conti, who had previously taken the title Victor IV in 1138.
  68. Henry subsequently assumed that he had Alexander's backing vis a vis the English church as a quid pro quo for supporting
  69. Ullmann labels Henry II and Frederick I "classic examples of the reinvigorated royalist-lay ideology".
  70. Culminating, suggest Summerson, after King John made the country a Papal fief in 1215.
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