Topzle Topzle

Pontius Pilate

Updated: Wikipedia source

Pontius Pilate

Pontius Pilate (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: Πόντιος Πιλᾶτος, romanized: Póntios Pilátos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. Pilate's importance in Christianity is underscored by his prominent place in both the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. Because the gospels portray Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as both a martyr and a saint, a belief which was also historically held by the Coptic Church. Pontius Pilate is the best-attested figure to hold the position of Roman governor, though few sources about his rule have survived. Virtually nothing is known about his life prior to becoming governor or the circumstances of his appointment. Surviving evidence includes coins he minted and the Pilate Stone inscription. Ancient sources such as Josephus, Philo, and the Gospel of Luke document several incidents of conflict between Pilate and the Jewish population, often citing his insensitivity to Jewish religious customs. The Christian gospels, as well as Josephus and Tacitus, attribute the crucifixion of Jesus to Pilate’s orders. Josephus reports that Pilate was dismissed after violently quelling a Samaritan uprising at Mount Gerizim. He was ordered to Rome by the Syrian legate to face Emperor Tiberius, but Tiberius died before Pilate arrived, and his fate thereafter remains unknown. Some early sources, including Celsus and Origen, suggest he retired. Modern historians are divided on Pilate's governance, with some viewing him as brutal and inept, while others point to his relatively long tenure as evidence of moderate competence. A once-prominent theory attributing Pilate's actions to antisemitism is now largely rejected. In Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Pilate became a prominent figure in Christian apocryphal literature known as the "Pilate cycle". Eastern traditions often depicted him and his wife as Christian converts and even saints, while Western texts portrayed him negatively, frequently linking his death to suicide and associating his burial site with cursed locations. Pilate has appeared extensively in art, especially in depictions of Jesus's trial. In medieval passion plays, his character varied from reluctant judge to malevolent villain. He has been portrayed in modern literature and film, notably by Anatole France, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Chingiz Aitmatov, with increased literary attention following World War II.

Infobox

Appointed by
Tiberius
Preceded by
Valerius Gratus
Succeeded by
Marcellus
Born
1st century BC
Died
After 39 AD
Nationality
Roman
Spouse
Unknown[a]
Known for
Pilate's court

Tables

· External links
Preceded byValerius Gratus
Preceded byValerius Gratus
Pontius Pilate Roman Rulers of Judaea
Preceded byValerius Gratus
Pontius Pilate Roman Rulers of Judaea
Prefect of Iudaea 26–36
Pontius Pilate Roman Rulers of Judaea
Succeeded byMarcellus
Pontius Pilate Roman Rulers of Judaea
Preceded byValerius Gratus
Prefect of Iudaea 26–36
Succeeded byMarcellus

References

  1. Later Christian tradition gives Pilate's wife the names Procula (Latin: Procula) or Procla (Ancient Greek: Πρόκλα), as w
  2. /ˈpɒnʃəs ˈpaɪlət, -tiəs/ PON-shəs PY-lət, -⁠tee-əs
  3. Pilate's title as governor, as attested on the Pilate stone, is "prefect of Judaea" (praefectus Iudaeae). His title is g
  4. Demandt 1999, p. 162.
  5. Grüll 2010, p. 168.
  6. Hourihane 2009, p. 415.
  7. Olausson & Sangster 2006.
  8. Milinovich 2010.
  9. Jones 2006.
  10. Bond 1998, p. 201.
  11. Carter 2003, p. 11; Grüll 2010, p. 167; Luisier 1996, p. 411.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA11
  12. Carter 2003, p. 12.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA12
  13. Demandt 2012, p. 34. "Nach dem Tod des Caligula, unter Claudius, schrieb Philo seine 'Legatio'."
  14. Carter 2003, p. 12.
  15. Bayes 2010, p. 79.
  16. Trebilco 2007, p. 631.
  17. Wroe 1999, p. xii.
  18. Carter 2003, pp. 12–19.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA12
  19. Carter 2003, pp. 12–13.
  20. MacAdam 2001, p. 75.
  21. The Pilate Stone at the Inscriptions of Israel-Palestine project, (2019)
    https://library.brown.edu/iip/viewinscr/caes0043/
  22. Lémonon 2007, p. 121.
  23. Lémonon 2007, p. 16.
  24. Demandt 2012, pp. 47–48.
  25. Wroe 1999, p. 16.
  26. Ollivier 1896, p. 252.
  27. Demandt 2012, pp. 46–47.
  28. Bond 1998, p. 9.
  29. Carter 2003, p. 15.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA15
  30. Bond 1998, p. 197; Demandt 2012, pp. 76–77; Lémonon 2007, p. 167.
  31. Demandt 2012, p. 48.
  32. Lémonon 2007, pp. 121–122.
  33. Schwartz 1992, p. 398.
  34. Bond 1998, p. 8.
  35. Maier 1968, pp. 8–9.
  36. McGing 1991, p. 427; Carter 2003, p. 4; Schwartz 1992, p. 398.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA4
  37. Schwartz 1992, pp. 396–397.
  38. Lönnqvist 2000, p. 67.
  39. Lémonon 2007, p. 122.
  40. Schwartz 1992, p. 397.
  41. Bond 1998, pp. 11–12.
  42. Bond 1998, p. 11.
  43. Schwartz 1992, p. 197.
  44. Lémonon 2007, p. 70.
  45. Bond 1998, pp. 5, 14–15.
  46. Bond 1998, pp. 7–8.
  47. Carter 2003, p. 46.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA46
  48. Lémonon 2007, pp. 86–88.
  49. Bond 1998, p. 19.
  50. Carter 2003, p. 48.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA48
  51. Maier 1971, p. 364.
  52. Bond 1998, p. 89.
  53. Lémonon 2007, p. 172.
  54. Schwartz 1992, p. 400.
  55. Demandt 2012, pp. 60–61.
  56. Schwartz 1992, p. 399.
  57. MacAdam 2001, p. 78.
  58. Taylor 2006.
  59. Bond 1998, pp. 52–53.
  60. Bond 1998, p. 57.
  61. Bond 1998, p. 79.
  62. Demandt 2012, pp. 53–55.
  63. Lémonon 2007, p. 206.
  64. Yonge 1855, pp. 165–166.
  65. Bond 1998, pp. 36–37; Carter 2003, pp. 15–16; Schwartz 1992, p. 399.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA15
  66. Bond 1998, p. 39.
  67. Demandt 2012, pp. 51–52.
  68. Bond 1998, p. 46.
  69. Bond 1998, p. 53.
  70. Bond 1998, pp. 194–195.
  71. Bond 1998, pp. 195–196.
  72. Bond 1998, p. 196.
  73. Hourihane 2009, pp. 22–23.
  74. Bond 1998, pp. 196–167.
  75. Bond 1998, p. xi.
  76. Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography
  77. Demandt 2012, pp. 44–45.
  78. Bond 1998, p. 197.
  79. Demandt 2012, pp. 70–71.
  80. Bond 1998, pp. 197–198; Lémonon 2007, p. 172; Demandt 2012, p. 74.
  81. Bond 1998, p. 198.
  82. Lémonon 2007, pp. 172–173.
  83. Bond 1998, pp. 199; Lémonon 2007, pp. 173–176; Demandt 2012, pp. 75–76.
  84. McGing 1991, p. 417.
  85. Meier 1990, p. 95.
  86. McGing 1991, pp. 417–418.
  87. Winter 1974, pp. 85–86.
  88. Ehrman 2003, pp. 20–21.
  89. The Death of the Messiah
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3-oNIgAACAAJ
  90. McGing 1991, pp. 435–436.
  91. Carter 2003, pp. 153–154.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA153
  92. Jesus, the Final Days: What Really Happened
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Q12p2RgwWUYC&q=pilate
  93. For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE
  94. Demandt 2012, p. 63.
  95. Bond 1998, p. 67.
  96. Karen Cokayne, Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, p.100
  97. Maier 1971, pp. 366–367.
  98. Maier 1971, p. 367.
  99. Bond 1998, pp. 92–93.
  100. Taylor 2006, p. 577.
  101. Maier 1971, p. 369.
  102. Demandt 2012, p. 92.
  103. Maier 1971, p. 370.
  104. Grüll 2010, pp. 154–155.
  105. Maier 1971, p. 371.
  106. Taylor 2006, p. 578.
  107. Vardaman 1962, p. 70.
  108. Taylor 2006, pp. 565–566.
  109. Demandt 2012, p. 40.
  110. Taylor 2006, p. 566.
  111. Demandt 2012, pp. 41–42.
  112. Bond 1998, p. 12.
  113. Taylor 2006, pp. 566–567.
  114. Vardaman 1962.
  115. MacAdam 2017, p. 134.
  116. Bormann 1901, p. 647.
  117. MacAdam 2001, p. 73.
  118. Demandt 1999, p. 82.
  119. Bond 1998, pp. 20–21.
  120. Taylor 2006, pp. 556–557.
  121. Bond 1996, p. 243.
  122. Bond 1996, p. 250.
  123. Bond 1996, p. 241.
  124. Bond 1996, pp. 241–242.
  125. Taylor 2006, pp. 562–563.
  126. Lémonon 2007, p. 155.
  127. Lönnqvist 2000, p. 64.
  128. Lönnqvist 2000, p. 473.
  129. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-12-19/ty-article-magazine/.premium/notorious-pontius-pilate-is-the-one-who-built-jerusalem-aqueduct-study-finds/0000017f-f1bf-d487-abff-f3ff0dae0000
  130. Amora-Stark 2018, p. 212.
  131. Amora-Stark 2018, pp. 216–217.
  132. Amora-Stark 2018, p. 218.
  133. Grüll 2010, pp. 156–157.
  134. Grüll 2010, pp. 170–171.
  135. Demandt 2012, p. 102.
  136. Hourihane 2009, p. 37.
  137. Wroe 1999, p. 329.
  138. Ehrman 2003, pp. 20–22.
  139. Grüll 2010, p. 166.
  140. Demandt 2012, p. 94.
  141. Lémonon 2007, pp. 232–233.
  142. Izydorczyk 1997, p. 22.
  143. Hourihane 2009, p. 25.
  144. Demandt 2012, pp. 93–94.
  145. Koester 1980, p. 126.
  146. Hourihane 2009, p. 26.
  147. Koester 1980, pp. 128–129.
  148. Hourihane 2009, p. 27.
  149. Izydorczyk 1997, p. 4.
  150. Dilley 2010, pp. 592–594.
  151. Izydorczyk 1997, p. 6.
  152. Izydorczyk 1997, pp. 9–11, 419–519.
  153. Izydorczyk 1997, p. 7.
  154. Carter 2003, pp. 10–11.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA10
  155. Piovanelli 2003, pp. 427–428.
  156. Piovanelli 2003, p. 430.
  157. Piovanelli 2003, pp. 433–434.
  158. Grüll 2010, pp. 159–160.
  159. Grüll 2010, pp. 166–167.
  160. Grüll 2010, p. 167.
  161. Burke 2018, p. 266.
  162. Grüll 2010, p. 160.
  163. Gounelle 2011, p. 233.
  164. Grüll 2010, p. 162.
  165. Gounelle 2011, pp. 243–244.
  166. Hourihane 2009, p. 36.
  167. Grüll 2010, pp. 162–163.
  168. Ehrman & Pleše 2011, p. 559–567.
  169. Grüll 2010, p. 164.
  170. Martin 1973, p. 99.
  171. Martin 1973, p. 102.
  172. Martin 1973, pp. 102–103, 106.
  173. Martin 1973, pp. 101–102.
  174. Martin 1973, pp. 102–103.
  175. Martin 1973, p. 109.
  176. Hourihane 2009, p. 234.
  177. Demandt 2012, p. 104.
  178. Demandt 2012, pp. 104–105.
  179. Demandt 2012, pp. 105–106.
  180. Grüll 2010, p. 165.
  181. The Times
    https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/scotland-travel/pontius-pilates-scottish-roots-a-joke-rk0qms770t6
  182. The Scotsman
    https://www.scotsman.com/news-2-15012/mystery-of-the-5-000-year-old-yew-of-fortingall-1-4292618
  183. Demandt 2012, pp. 102–103.
  184. Demandt 2012, p. 106.
  185. Demandt 1999, pp. 69–70.
  186. Hourihane 2009, p. 2.
  187. Hourihane 2009, p. 67.
  188. Kirschbaum 1971, p. 436.
  189. Hourihane 2009, p. 52.
  190. Hourihane 2009, p. 53.
  191. Hourihane 2009, pp. 57–60.
  192. Hourihane 2009, p. 85.
  193. Hourihane 2009, p. 144.
  194. Hourihane 2009, pp. 86, 93–95, 111–116.
  195. Hourihane 2009, pp. 98–100.
  196. Hourihane 2009, p. 86.
  197. Hourihane 2009, p. 92.
  198. Hourihane 2009, pp. 146–151.
  199. Hourihane 2009, pp. 151–153.
  200. Hourihane 2009, pp. 227–228.
  201. Hourihane 2009, p. 238.
  202. Hourihane 2009, p. 255.
  203. Hourihane 2009, pp. 240–243.
  204. Hourihane 2009, pp. 234–235.
  205. Hourihane 2009, pp. 228–232, 238.
  206. Hourihane 2009, pp. 245–249.
  207. Hourihane 2009, p. 252.
  208. Hourihane 2009, p. 293.
  209. Hourihane 2009, pp. 296–297.
  210. Hourihane 2009, p. 303.
  211. Hourihane 2009, p. 297.
  212. Hourihane 2009, pp. 303–304.
  213. Hourihane 2009, p. 305.
  214. Hourihane 2009, pp. 312–321.
  215. Hourihane 2009, pp. 321–323.
  216. Hourihane 2009, pp. 308–311.
  217. Kirschbaum 1971, p. 438.
  218. Wroe 1999, p. 38.
  219. Wroe 1999, p. 185.
  220. Morowitz 2009, pp. 184–186.
  221. Morowitz 2009, p. 191.
  222. Wroe 1999, p. 182.
  223. Wroe 1999, pp. 182–185.
  224. Hourihane 2009, p. 392.
  225. MacAdam 2001, p. 90.
  226. MacAdam 2017, pp. 138–139.
  227. The Catholic Encyclopedia (1907). s.v. "The Way of the Cross" Archived 27 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
    http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15569a.htm
  228. Hourihane 2009, p. 363.
  229. Hourihane 2009, p. 296.
  230. Hourihane 2009, pp. 363–364.
  231. Hourihane 2009, p. 364.
  232. Hourihane 2009, p. 365.
  233. Hourihane 2009, p. 237.
  234. Hourihane 2009, pp. 365–366.
  235. Hourihane 2009, pp. 283–284.
  236. Hourihane 2009, pp. 366–367.
  237. Hourihane 2009, pp. 367–368.
  238. Hourihane 2009, pp. 368–369.
  239. Hourihane 2009, pp. 364–365.
  240. Hourihane 2009, p. 265.
  241. Wroe 1999, pp. 177–178.
  242. Hourihane 2009, p. 286.
  243. Hourihane 2009, p. 243.
  244. Hourihane 2009, pp. 297, 328.
  245. Hourihane 2009, pp. 243–245.
  246. Wroe 1999, pp. 213–214.
  247. Hourihane 2009, p. 328.
  248. Hourihane 2009, p. 352.
  249. Hourihane 2009, p. 317.
  250. Hourihane 2009, p. 318.
  251. Wroe 1999, p. 358.
  252. Demandt 2012, p. 107.
  253. Wroe 1999, p. 195.
  254. MacAdam 2017, p. 133.
  255. Langenhorst 1995, p. 90.
  256. Wroe 1999, p. 273.
  257. Ziolkowski 1992, p. 165.
  258. Bond 1998, p. xiii.
  259. Wroe 1999, p. 371.
  260. Demandt 2012, p. 108.
  261. Demandt 2012, pp. 107–109.
  262. Ziolkowski 1992, pp. 167–168.
  263. McDonough 2009, pp. 278–280.
  264. McDonough 2009, p. 283.
  265. McDonough 2009, pp. 284–285.
  266. Wroe 1999, pp. 38–39.
  267. Winkler 1998, p. 167.
  268. Wroe 1999, p. 39.
  269. Wroe 1999, p. 186.
  270. Winkler 1998, p. 192.
  271. McDonough 2009, p. 287.
  272. McDonough 2009, p. 290.
  273. McDonough 2009, pp. 290–291.
  274. McDonough 2009, pp. 291–293.
  275. Grace 2004, p. 16.
  276. McDonough 2009, p. 295.
  277. "The Apostles' Creed"
    https://www.cardinalnewman.com.au/images/stories/downloads/The%20Apostles%20Creed.pdf
  278. Nicene Creed in English
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed_(ECUSA_Book_of_Common_Prayer)
  279. Carter 2003, p. 1.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA1
  280. Hourihane 2009, p. 391.
  281. Bayes 2010, p. 78.
  282. Carter 2003, p. 11.
  283. Hourihane 2009, p. 4.
  284. Luisier 1996, p. 411.
  285. Martin 2019.
  286. MacAdam 2017, p. 139.
  287. Wroe 1999, pp. 331–332.
  288. McGing 1991, pp. 415–416.
  289. Carter 2003, pp. 12–19.
  290. Maier 1971, p. 363.
  291. Maier 1971, p. 365.
  292. MacAdam 2001, p. 77.
  293. Carter 2003, pp. 5–6.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&pg=PA5
  294. Maier 1968, pp. 9–10.
  295. Maier 1968, pp. 10–11.
  296. Bond 1998, p. 21.
  297. Bond 1998, p. 22.
  298. Carter 2003, p. 4.
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.