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Political parties in the United States

Updated: 11/5/2025, 10:50:08 PM Wikipedia source

American electoral politics have been dominated by successive pairs of major political parties since shortly after the founding of the republic of the United States. Since the 1850s, the two largest political parties have been the Democratic Party and the Republican Party—which together have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and controlled the United States Congress since at least 1856. Despite keeping the same names, the two parties have evolved in terms of ideologies, positions, and support bases over their long lifespans, in response to social, cultural, and economic developments—the Democratic Party being the left-of-center party since the time of the New Deal, and the Republican Party now being the right-of-center party. Political parties are not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution, which predates the party system. The two-party system is based on laws, party rules, and custom. Several third parties also operate in the U.S. and occasionally have a member elected to local office; some of the larger ones include the Constitution, Green, Alliance, and Libertarian parties, with the Libertarian being the largest third party since the 1980s. A small number of members of the U.S. Congress, a larger number of political candidates, and a good many voters (35–45%) have no party affiliation. However, most self-described independents consistently support one of the two major parties when it comes time to vote, and members of Congress with no political party affiliation caucus to pursue common legislative objectives with either the Democrats or Republicans. The need to win popular support in a republic led to the American invention of voter-based political parties in the 1790s. Americans were especially innovative in devising new campaign techniques that linked public opinion with public policy through the party. Political scientists and historians have divided the development of America's two-party system into six or so eras or "party systems", starting with the Federalist Party, which supported the ratification of the Constitution, and the Anti-Administration party (Anti-Federalists), which opposed a powerful central government and later became the Democratic-Republican Party.

Tables

Presidential election victories by party system[note 3] · History and political eras › Second Party System: 1828–1854 (Democratic vs Whig)
First
First
Party System
First
Party A
7
Party B
1
Second
Second
Party System
Second
Party A
5
Party B
2
Third
Third
Party System
Third
Party A
3
Party B
7
Fourth
Fourth
Party System
Fourth
Party A
2
Party B
7
Fifth
Fifth
Party System
Fifth
Party A
7
Party B
2
Sixth
Sixth
Party System
Sixth
Party A
6
Party B
8
Party System
Party A
Party B
First
7
1
Second
5
2
Third
3
7
Fourth
2
7
Fifth
7
2
Sixth
6
8
· Major parties
Party
Party
American voter registration statistics as ofOctober 2020
Party
American voter registration statistics as ofOctober 2020
Registered voters
American voter registration statistics as ofOctober 2020
Percentage
Totals
Totals
American voter registration statistics as ofOctober 2020
Totals
American voter registration statistics as ofOctober 2020
122,577,294
American voter registration statistics as ofOctober 2020
100.00
American voter registration statistics as ofOctober 2020
Party
Registered voters
Percentage
Democratic
45,512,696
38.62
Republican
37,314,494
30.44
No party preference
34,798,906
28.39
Other
3,127,800
2.55
Totals
122,577,294
100.00
· Ballot-qualified political parties by state
WC
WC
State
MD
Democratic Party
D
Green Party
G
Libertarian Party
L
Republican Party
R
Working Class Party
WC
WC
WC
State
MI
Constitution Party
C
Democratic Party
D
Green Party
G
Libertarian Party
L
Republican Party
R
Working Class Party
WC
State
Alliance Party
Constitution Party
Democratic Party
Forward Party
Green Party
Libertarian Party
Legal Marijuana Now Party
Republican Party
Unity Party of America
Working Class Party
Working Families Party
Other political parties
Reference
AL
D
R
AK
D
L
R
AZ
D
G
L
R
AR
D
L
R
CA
D
G
L
R
CO
C
D
F
G
L
R
U
CT
A
D
G
L
R
WF
DE
D
G
L
R
FL
A
C
D
F
G
L
R
U
GA
D
R
HI
C
D
G
L
R
ID
C
D
L
R
IL
D
R
IN
D
L
R
IA
D
L
R
KS
D
L
R
KY
D
R
LA
D
G
L
R
ME
D
G
L
R
MD
D
G
L
R
WC
MA
D
L
R
MI
C
D
G
L
R
WC
MN
A
D
G
L
M
R
MS
D
L
R
MO
C
D
G
L
R
MT
D
G
L
R
NE
D
L
M
R
NV
C
D
L
R
NH
D
R
NJ
D
R
NM
D
G
L
R
WF
NY
D
R
WF
NC
D
G
L
R
ND
D
R
OH
D
L
R
OK
D
L
R
OR
C
D
G
L
R
WF
PA
D
G
L
R
RI
D
R
SC
A
C
D
F
G
L
R
SD
D
L
R
TN
D
R
TX
D
G
L
R
UT
C
D
F
L
R
VT
D
L
R
VA
D
R
WA
D
R
WV
D
G
L
R
WI
C
D
G
L
R

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  122. Political Parties in Arizona
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  123. Political Parties in Arkansas
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  124. Political Parties in California
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  125. Political Parties in Colorado
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  126. Political Parties in Connecticut
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  127. Political Parties in Delaware
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  128. Political Parties in Florida
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  129. Political Parties in Georgia
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  130. Political Parties in Hawaii
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  131. Political Parties in Idaho
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  132. Political Parties in Illinois
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  133. Political Parties in Indiana
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  134. Political Parties in Iowa
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  135. Political Parties in Kansas
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  136. Political Parties in Kentucky
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  137. Political Parties in Louisiana
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  138. Political Parties in Maine
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  139. Political Parties in Maryland
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  140. Political Parties in Massachusetts
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  141. Political Parties in Michigan
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  142. Political Parties in Minnesota
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  143. Political Parties in Mississippi
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  144. Political Parties in Missouri
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  145. Political Parties in Montana
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  146. Political Parties in Nebraska
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  147. Political Parties in Nevada
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  148. Political Parties in New Hampshire
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  149. Political Parties in New Jersey
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  152. Political Parties in New York
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  153. Political Parties in North Carolina
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  154. Political Parties in North Dakota
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  155. Political Parties in Ohio
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Ohio
  156. Political Parties in Oklahoma
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Oklahoma
  157. Political Parties in Oregon
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Oregon
  158. Political Parties in Pennsylvania
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Pennsylvania
  159. Political Parties in Rhode Island
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Rhode_Island
  160. Political Parties in South Carolina
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_South_Carolina
  161. Political Parties in South Dakota
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_South_Dakota
  162. Political Parties in Tennessee
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Tennessee
  163. Political Parties in Texas
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Texas
  164. Political Parties in Utah
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Utah
  165. Political Parties in Vermont
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Vermont
  166. Political Parties in Virginia
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Virginia
  167. Political Parties in Washington
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Washington
  168. Political Parties in West Virginia
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_West_Virginia
  169. Political Parties in Wisconsin
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Wisconsin
  170. Political Parties in Wyoming
    https://ballotpedia.org/Political_parties_in_Wyoming
  171. GovTrack.us
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/angus_king/412545
  172. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/30/bernie-sanders-confirms-presidential-run-and-damns-americas-inequities
  173. "Bernie Sanders Called The Democratic Party 'Intellectually Bankrupt' In 1985 Letter"
    https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-democratic-party-independent_n_5e21e4f8c5b632117612f412
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