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Pole of inaccessibility

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Pole of inaccessibility

In geography, a pole of inaccessibility is the farthest (or most difficult to reach) location in a given landmass, sea, or other topographical feature, starting from a given boundary, relative to a given criterion. A geographical criterion of inaccessibility marks a location that is the most challenging to reach according to that criterion. Often it refers to the most distant point from the coastline, implying the farthest point into a landmass from the shore, or the farthest point into a body of water from the shore. In these cases, a pole of inaccessibility is the center of a maximally large circle that can be drawn within an area of interest only touching but not crossing a coastline. Where a coast is imprecisely defined, the pole will be similarly imprecise.

Tables

Poles of inaccessibility as calculated by various authors · List of poles of inaccessibility
Africa
Africa
Pole
Africa
Location
5°39′N 26°10′E / 5.65°N 26.17°E / 5.65; 26.17
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,814
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Africa
Africa
Pole
Africa
Location
5°38′29″N 26°09′12″E / 5.6413°N 26.1533°E / 5.6413; 26.1533
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,814.5158
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Africa
Africa
Pole
Africa
Location
5°39′32″N 26°07′46″E / 5.6589°N 26.1295°E / 5.6589; 26.1295
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,815.4150
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Antarctica
Antarctica
Pole
Antarctica
Location
82°06′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,301
Dataset
? Traditional
Projection
?
Method
?
Reference
Soviet site (1958)
Antarctica
Antarctica
Pole
Antarctica
Location
77°23′47″S 105°23′08″E / 77.3963°S 105.3855°E / -77.3963; 105.3855
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,136.2129
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L6). Erroneous.
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Antarctica
Antarctica
Pole
Antarctica
Location
78°15′48″S 103°38′02″E / 78.2633°S 103.6340°E / -78.2633; 103.6340
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,273.2928
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L5). Erroneous.
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Antarctica
Antarctica
Pole
Antarctica
Location
83°54′14″S 64°53′24″E / 83.904°S 64.890°E / -83.904; 64.890
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,590.36
Dataset
ADDv7.2 "Outer"
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Rees (2021)
Antarctica
Antarctica
Pole
Antarctica
Location
83°36′36″S 53°43′12″E / 83.610°S 53.720°E / -83.610; 53.720
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,179.40
Dataset
ADDv7.2 "Inner"
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Rees (2021)
Arctic Pole
Arctic Pole
Pole
Arctic Pole
Location
85°48′07″N 176°08′56″E / 85.802°N 176.149°E / 85.802; 176.149
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,008
Dataset
GSHHG 2014
Projection
WGS84
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Rees (2014)
Arctic Pole
Arctic Pole
Pole
Arctic Pole
Location
85°47′28″N 176°14′19″E / 85.7911°N 176.2386°E / 85.7911; 176.2386
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,008.9112
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Arctic Pole
Arctic Pole
Pole
Arctic Pole
Location
85°48′05″N 176°08′32″E / 85.8015°N 176.1423°E / 85.8015; 176.1423
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,007.6777
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pole
Atlantic Ocean
Location
24°11′06″N 43°22′13″W / 24.1851°N 43.3704°W / 24.1851; -43.3704
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,033.8849
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pole
Atlantic Ocean
Location
24°11′32″N 43°22′22″W / 24.1923°N 43.3728°W / 24.1923; -43.3728
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,033.5187
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Australia
Australia
Pole
Australia
Location
23°10′S 132°16′E / 23.17°S 132.27°E / -23.17; 132.27
Distance fromcoast (km)
928
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Australia
Australia
Pole
Australia
Location
23°2′S 132°10′E / 23.033°S 132.167°E / -23.033; 132.167
Distance fromcoast (km)
not claimed
Dataset
SF53-13
Projection
?
Method
Planar map
Reference
Geoscience Australia (2014)
Australia
Australia
Pole
Australia
Location
23°10′24″S 132°16′33″E / 23.1732°S 132.2759°E / -23.1732; 132.2759
Distance fromcoast (km)
925.4459
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Australia
Australia
Pole
Australia
Location
23°11′41″S 132°10′22″E / 23.1948°S 132.1727°E / -23.1948; 132.1727
Distance fromcoast (km)
921.9290
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Eurasia 1
Eurasia 1
Pole
Eurasia 1
Location
45°17′N 88°08′E / 45.28°N 88.14°E / 45.28; 88.14
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,514
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Eurasia 1
Eurasia 1
Pole
Eurasia 1
Location
45°20′29″N 88°14′54″E / 45.3413°N 88.2483°E / 45.3413; 88.2483
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,513.9415
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Eurasia 1
Eurasia 1
Pole
Eurasia 1
Location
45°26′37″N 88°19′02″E / 45.4435°N 88.3172°E / 45.4435; 88.3172
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,509.9536
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Eurasia 2
Eurasia 2
Pole
Eurasia 2
Location
44°17′N 82°11′E / 44.29°N 82.19°E / 44.29; 82.19
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,510
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Eurasia 2
Eurasia 2
Pole
Eurasia 2
Location
44°19′06″N 82°06′52″E / 44.3184°N 82.1144°E / 44.3184; 82.1144
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,509.9685
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Eurasia 2
Eurasia 2
Pole
Eurasia 2
Location
44°40′26″N 83°58′10″E / 44.6740°N 83.9694°E / 44.6740; 83.9694
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,505.2134
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Great Britain
Great Britain
Pole
Great Britain
Location
52°39′N 1°34′W / 52.65°N 1.56°W / 52.65; -1.56
Distance fromcoast (km)
108
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Great Britain
Great Britain
Pole
Great Britain
Location
52°00′51″N 0°57′50″W / 52.0141°N 0.9640°W / 52.0141; -0.9640
Distance fromcoast (km)
114.4462
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Great Britain
Great Britain
Pole
Great Britain
Location
52°39′19″N 1°33′51″W / 52.6552°N 1.5641°W / 52.6552; -1.5641
Distance fromcoast (km)
108.0925
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Greenland
Greenland
Pole
Greenland
Location
76°30′N 41°00′W / 76.50°N 41.0°W / 76.50; -41.0
Distance fromcoast (km)
469
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Greenland
Greenland
Pole
Greenland
Location
75°57′58″N 40°25′26″W / 75.9660°N 40.4239°W / 75.9660; -40.4239
Distance fromcoast (km)
471.9905
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Greenland
Greenland
Pole
Greenland
Location
76°01′50″N 40°23′25″W / 76.0305°N 40.3902°W / 76.0305; -40.3902
Distance fromcoast (km)
474.2257
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pole
Indian Ocean
Location
47°37′55″S 99°58′04″E / 47.6319°S 99.9677°E / -47.6319; 99.9677
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,940.8913
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pole
Indian Ocean
Location
47°44′05″S 100°03′17″E / 47.7347°S 100.0547°E / -47.7347; 100.0547
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,943.3848
Dataset
GSHHG L1
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Madagascar
Madagascar
Pole
Madagascar
Location
18°20′S 46°40′E / 18.33°S 46.67°E / -18.33; 46.67
Distance fromcoast (km)
260
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Madagascar
Madagascar
Pole
Madagascar
Location
18°20′18″S 46°39′59″E / 18.3382°S 46.6663°E / -18.3382; 46.6663
Distance fromcoast (km)
259.5957
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Madagascar
Madagascar
Pole
Madagascar
Location
18°15′52″S 46°42′01″E / 18.2645°S 46.7003°E / -18.2645; 46.7003
Distance fromcoast (km)
264.0657
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
North America
North America
Pole
North America
Location
43°28′N 101°58′W / 43.46°N 101.97°W / 43.46; -101.97
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,639
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
North America
North America
Pole
North America
Location
43°22′35″N 102°00′40″W / 43.3764°N 102.0111°W / 43.3764; -102.0111
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,639.6549
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
North America
North America
Pole
North America
Location
43°26′13″N 102°00′36″W / 43.4370°N 102.0101°W / 43.4370; -102.0101
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,643.7562
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
Pole
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
Location
48°53′S 123°27′W / 48.89°S 123.45°W / -48.89; -123.45
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,690
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
Pole
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
Location
49°00′11″S 123°23′31″W / 49.0031°S 123.3920°W / -49.0031; -123.3920
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,701.1721
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
Pole
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
Location
49°01′38″S 123°26′04″W / 49.0273°S 123.4345°W / -49.0273; -123.4345
Distance fromcoast (km)
2,704.7991
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
South America
South America
Pole
South America
Location
14°03′S 56°51′W / 14.05°S 56.85°W / -14.05; -56.85
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,517
Dataset
GSHHS 1996
Projection
Sphere
Method
Adaptive Grid
Reference
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
South America 1
South America 1
Pole
South America 1
Location
14°23′25″S 56°59′32″W / 14.3902°S 56.9922°W / -14.3902; -56.9922
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,490.5321
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
South America 1
South America 1
Pole
South America 1
Location
6°19′29″S 63°11′19″W / 6.3248°S 63.1885°W / -6.3248; -63.1885
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,511.6636
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
South America 2
South America 2
Pole
South America 2
Location
10°44′03″S 59°12′45″W / 10.7342°S 59.2126°W / -10.7342; -59.2126
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,467.2206
Dataset
OpenStreetMap
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
South America 2
South America 2
Pole
South America 2
Location
5°03′13″S 65°32′55″W / 5.0537°S 65.5487°W / -5.0537; -65.5487
Distance fromcoast (km)
1,476.4901
Dataset
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
Projection
WGS84
Method
B9-Hillclimbing
Reference
Barnes (2019)
Pole
Location
Distance fromcoast (km)
Dataset
Projection
Method
Reference
Africa
5°39′N 26°10′E / 5.65°N 26.17°E / 5.65; 26.17
1,814
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Africa
5°38′29″N 26°09′12″E / 5.6413°N 26.1533°E / 5.6413; 26.1533
1,814.5158
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Africa
5°39′32″N 26°07′46″E / 5.6589°N 26.1295°E / 5.6589; 26.1295
1,815.4150
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Antarctica
82°06′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967
1,301
? Traditional
?
?
Soviet site (1958)
Antarctica
77°23′47″S 105°23′08″E / 77.3963°S 105.3855°E / -77.3963; 105.3855
1,136.2129
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L6). Erroneous.
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Antarctica
78°15′48″S 103°38′02″E / 78.2633°S 103.6340°E / -78.2633; 103.6340
1,273.2928
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L5). Erroneous.
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Antarctica
83°54′14″S 64°53′24″E / 83.904°S 64.890°E / -83.904; 64.890
1,590.36
ADDv7.2 "Outer"
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Rees (2021)
Antarctica
83°36′36″S 53°43′12″E / 83.610°S 53.720°E / -83.610; 53.720
1,179.40
ADDv7.2 "Inner"
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Rees (2021)
Arctic Pole
85°48′07″N 176°08′56″E / 85.802°N 176.149°E / 85.802; 176.149
1,008
GSHHG 2014
WGS84
Adaptive Grid
Rees (2014)
Arctic Pole
85°47′28″N 176°14′19″E / 85.7911°N 176.2386°E / 85.7911; 176.2386
1,008.9112
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Arctic Pole
85°48′05″N 176°08′32″E / 85.8015°N 176.1423°E / 85.8015; 176.1423
1,007.6777
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Atlantic Ocean
24°11′06″N 43°22′13″W / 24.1851°N 43.3704°W / 24.1851; -43.3704
2,033.8849
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Atlantic Ocean
24°11′32″N 43°22′22″W / 24.1923°N 43.3728°W / 24.1923; -43.3728
2,033.5187
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Australia
23°10′S 132°16′E / 23.17°S 132.27°E / -23.17; 132.27
928
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Australia
23°2′S 132°10′E / 23.033°S 132.167°E / -23.033; 132.167
not claimed
SF53-13
?
Planar map
Geoscience Australia (2014)
Australia
23°10′24″S 132°16′33″E / 23.1732°S 132.2759°E / -23.1732; 132.2759
925.4459
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Australia
23°11′41″S 132°10′22″E / 23.1948°S 132.1727°E / -23.1948; 132.1727
921.9290
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Eurasia 1
45°17′N 88°08′E / 45.28°N 88.14°E / 45.28; 88.14
2,514
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Eurasia 1
45°20′29″N 88°14′54″E / 45.3413°N 88.2483°E / 45.3413; 88.2483
2,513.9415
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Eurasia 1
45°26′37″N 88°19′02″E / 45.4435°N 88.3172°E / 45.4435; 88.3172
2,509.9536
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Eurasia 2
44°17′N 82°11′E / 44.29°N 82.19°E / 44.29; 82.19
2,510
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Eurasia 2
44°19′06″N 82°06′52″E / 44.3184°N 82.1144°E / 44.3184; 82.1144
2,509.9685
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Eurasia 2
44°40′26″N 83°58′10″E / 44.6740°N 83.9694°E / 44.6740; 83.9694
2,505.2134
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Great Britain
52°39′N 1°34′W / 52.65°N 1.56°W / 52.65; -1.56
108
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Great Britain
52°00′51″N 0°57′50″W / 52.0141°N 0.9640°W / 52.0141; -0.9640
114.4462
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Great Britain
52°39′19″N 1°33′51″W / 52.6552°N 1.5641°W / 52.6552; -1.5641
108.0925
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Greenland
76°30′N 41°00′W / 76.50°N 41.0°W / 76.50; -41.0
469
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Greenland
75°57′58″N 40°25′26″W / 75.9660°N 40.4239°W / 75.9660; -40.4239
471.9905
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Greenland
76°01′50″N 40°23′25″W / 76.0305°N 40.3902°W / 76.0305; -40.3902
474.2257
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Indian Ocean
47°37′55″S 99°58′04″E / 47.6319°S 99.9677°E / -47.6319; 99.9677
1,940.8913
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Indian Ocean
47°44′05″S 100°03′17″E / 47.7347°S 100.0547°E / -47.7347; 100.0547
1,943.3848
GSHHG L1
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Madagascar
18°20′S 46°40′E / 18.33°S 46.67°E / -18.33; 46.67
260
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Madagascar
18°20′18″S 46°39′59″E / 18.3382°S 46.6663°E / -18.3382; 46.6663
259.5957
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Madagascar
18°15′52″S 46°42′01″E / 18.2645°S 46.7003°E / -18.2645; 46.7003
264.0657
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
North America
43°28′N 101°58′W / 43.46°N 101.97°W / 43.46; -101.97
1,639
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
North America
43°22′35″N 102°00′40″W / 43.3764°N 102.0111°W / 43.3764; -102.0111
1,639.6549
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
North America
43°26′13″N 102°00′36″W / 43.4370°N 102.0101°W / 43.4370; -102.0101
1,643.7562
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
48°53′S 123°27′W / 48.89°S 123.45°W / -48.89; -123.45
2,690
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
49°00′11″S 123°23′31″W / 49.0031°S 123.3920°W / -49.0031; -123.3920
2,701.1721
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
49°01′38″S 123°26′04″W / 49.0273°S 123.4345°W / -49.0273; -123.4345
2,704.7991
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
South America
14°03′S 56°51′W / 14.05°S 56.85°W / -14.05; -56.85
1,517
GSHHS 1996
Sphere
Adaptive Grid
Garcia-Castellanos (2007)
South America 1
14°23′25″S 56°59′32″W / 14.3902°S 56.9922°W / -14.3902; -56.9922
1,490.5321
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
South America 1
6°19′29″S 63°11′19″W / 6.3248°S 63.1885°W / -6.3248; -63.1885
1,511.6636
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
South America 2
10°44′03″S 59°12′45″W / 10.7342°S 59.2126°W / -10.7342; -59.2126
1,467.2206
OpenStreetMap
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)
South America 2
5°03′13″S 65°32′55″W / 5.0537°S 65.5487°W / -5.0537; -65.5487
1,476.4901
GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
WGS84
B9-Hillclimbing
Barnes (2019)

References

  1. Claimed; actually 915.6601 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
  2. Claimed; actually 1629.7740 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
  3. Claimed; actually 1449.9471 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
  4. Scottish Geographical Journal
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140629230429/http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos,%20Lombardo,%202007,%20SGJ.pdf
  5. Across the Top of the World: The Last Great Journey on Earth
    https://archive.org/details/acrosstopofwor00herb/mode/2up
  6. Polar Record
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PoRec..50...86R
  7. "Explorer set for historic Arctic adventure"
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4731672.stm
  8. theadventureblog.blogspot.com
    https://adventureblog.net/2010/02/north-pole-2010-expedition-to-pole-of.html
  9. Scientific American
    https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1113-16a
  10. Marine Insight
    https://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-news/worlds-only-luxury-icebreaker-becomes-first-ship-to-reach-north-pole-of-inaccessibility/
  11. "Catalogue of Russian Antarctic Meteorological data 1994"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160513160724/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/Antarctica/Ant-cat-Rus-Fed.html
  12. "Historic Sites & Monuments in Antarctica"
    http://www.polarheritage.com/index.cfm/Sitelist01up
  13. "Polar Information Sheets"
    http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/23.html
  14. International Journal of Digital Earth
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17538947.2019.1576786
  15. Polar Record
    https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/531111/1/finding-antarcticas-pole-of-inaccessibility.pdf
  16. ThePoles.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160414194423/http://www.explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=1298
  17. ThePoles.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080321061128/http://www.thepoles.com/news.php?id=1276
  18. Barrabes
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161110173042/http://www.barrabes.com/actualidad/noticias/1-4549/alcanzado-polo-sur-inaccesibilidad.html
  19. Tierras Polares
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090111011301/http://www.tierraspolares.es/catamaran/inaccesibilidad_i.htm
  20. "Team N2i successfully conquer the Pole of Inaccessibility by foot and kite on 19th Jan '07"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110816171549/http://www.teamn2i.com/
  21. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6281839.stm
  22. ExplorersWeb
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160529035501/http://www.explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=20632
  23. "Image: guinness_book_records_team_n2i_antarctic_ec1.jpg, (539 × 791 px)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160514041543/http://www.teamn2i.com/media/files/guinness_book_records_team_n2i_antarctic_ec1.jpg
  24. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nemo.html
  25. lukatela.com
    http://www.lukatela.com/pointNemoRevisited/index.html
  26. "The Place Furthest from Land is Known as Point Nemo"
    https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20161004-the-place-furthest-from-land-is-known-as-point-nemo
  27. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/environment/shortcuts/2018/may/18/point-nemo-is-the-most-remote-oceanic-spot-yet-its-still-awash-with-plastic
  28. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210804032647/https://ripublication.com/Volume/ijoov15n1.htm
  29. lukatela.com
    https://www.lukatela.com/pointnemo/
  30. Popular Science
    http://www.popsci.com/this-is-where-international-space-station-will-go-to-die
  31. "International Space Station to crash down to Earth in January 2031"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60246032
  32. NASA
    https://www.nasa.gov/feature/faq-the-international-space-station-2022-transition-plan
  33. China News Network
    https://www.xj.chinanews.com.cn/xinjiang/2023-11-20/detail-ihcuyruu2839540.shtml
  34. confluence.org
    http://www.confluence.org/confluence.php?visitid=12710
  35. "Pole of Inaccessibility - North America"
    http://www.penryfamily.com/surveying/poleofinaccessibility.html
  36. "Marking the North American Pole of Inaccessibility"
    https://loving-the-world.squarespace.com/dayword/2021/7/13/north-american-pole-of-inaccessibility
  37. Country Life
    https://www.countrylife.co.uk/out-and-about/interview-the-turner-twins-167649
  38. "A Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database"
    http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/wessel/gshhg/
  39. ga.gov.au
    http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/centre-of-australia-states-territories
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