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Poland

Updated: Wikipedia source

Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, and borders Lithuania and Russia to the northeast; Belarus and Ukraine to the east; Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south; and Germany to the west. The territory has a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and a temperate climate. Poland is composed of sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the fifth largest EU country by land area, covering 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk. Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Glacial Period. Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity, in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by the West Slavic tribal Polans, who gave Poland its name. The process of establishing statehood coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity in 966. Under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church, the dominion became part of the Western world. In 1025, the Kingdom of Poland emerged, and in 1569 it cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of Europe's great powers, with an elective monarchy and a uniquely liberal political system. It adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791. With the passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. At the end of World War I in 1918, Poland regained its independence with the founding of the Second Polish Republic, which emerged victorious in various conflicts of the interbellum period. In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties. Forced into the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War, the Polish People's Republic was a signatory of the Warsaw Pact. Through the 1980 emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, which initiated the fall of the Iron Curtain, the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a liberal democracy in 1989, as the first of its neighbours. Poland is a semi-presidential republic with its bicameral legislature comprising the Sejm and the Senate. Considered a middle power, it is a developed market and high-income economy that is the sixth largest in the EU by nominal GDP and the fifth largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. Poland enjoys a very high standard of living, safety, and economic freedom, as well as free university education and universal health care. It has 17 UNESCO-administered World Heritage Sites, 15 of which are cultural. Poland is a founding member state of the United Nations and a member of the Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, OECD, NATO, and the European Union (including the Schengen Area).

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Warsaw 52°13′N 21°02′E / 52.217°N 21.033°E / 52.217; 21.033
Official language
Polish
Ethnic groups (2021)
mw- li 98.8% Polish[a] 96.3% only Polish 2.6% Polish and others 1.1% only non-Polish
Religion (2021)
mw- 72.4% Christianity 71.3% Catholicism 1.1% other Christian 6.9% no religion0.1% other20.6% unanswered
Demonyms
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li PolishPole
Government
Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President
Karol Nawrocki
• Prime Minister
Donald Tusk
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
Sejm
• Baptism of Poland[b]
14 April 966
• Kingdom of Poland
18 April 1025
• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1 July 1569
• Second Republic
11 November 1918
• Government-in-exile
17 September 1939
• People's Republic
19 February 1947
• Third Republic
31 December 1989
• Total
$1.039 trillion (20th)
• Water (%)
1.48 (2015)
• 2022 census
38,036,118 (38th)
• Density
126/km2 (326.3/sq mi) (75th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$28,484 (44th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2022)
26.3 } }low inequality
HDI (2023)
0.906very high (35th)
Currency
Złoty (PLN)
Time zone
UTC 1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC 2 (CEST)
Date format
dd.mm.yyyy (CE)
Calling code
48
ISO 3166 code
PL
Internet TLD
pl

Tables

in English
in English
Voivodeship
in English
Voivodeship
in Polish
Capital city
km2
Area
2021
Greater Poland
Greater Poland
Voivodeship
Greater Poland
Voivodeship
Wielkopolskie
Capital city
Poznań
Area
29,826
Population
3,496,450
Kuyavian-Pomeranian
Kuyavian-Pomeranian
Voivodeship
Kuyavian-Pomeranian
Voivodeship
Kujawsko-Pomorskie
Capital city
Bydgoszcz & Toruń
Area
17,971
Population
2,061,942
Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland
Voivodeship
Lesser Poland
Voivodeship
Małopolskie
Capital city
Kraków
Area
15,183
Population
3,410,441
Łódź
Łódź
Voivodeship
Łódź
Voivodeship
Łódzkie
Capital city
Łódź
Area
18,219
Population
2,437,970
Lower Silesian
Lower Silesian
Voivodeship
Lower Silesian
Voivodeship
Dolnośląskie
Capital city
Wrocław
Area
19,947
Population
2,891,321
Lublin
Lublin
Voivodeship
Lublin
Voivodeship
Lubelskie
Capital city
Lublin
Area
25,123
Population
2,095,258
Lubusz
Lubusz
Voivodeship
Lubusz
Voivodeship
Lubuskie
Capital city
Gorzów Wielkopolski &Zielona Góra
Area
13,988
Population
1,007,145
Masovian
Masovian
Voivodeship
Masovian
Voivodeship
Mazowieckie
Capital city
Warsaw
Area
35,559
Population
5,425,028
Opole
Opole
Voivodeship
Opole
Voivodeship
Opolskie
Capital city
Opole
Area
9,412
Population
976,774
Podlaskie
Podlaskie
Voivodeship
Podlaskie
Voivodeship
Podlaskie
Capital city
Białystok
Area
20,187
Population
1,173,286
Pomeranian
Pomeranian
Voivodeship
Pomeranian
Voivodeship
Pomorskie
Capital city
Gdańsk
Area
18,323
Population
2,346,671
Silesian
Silesian
Voivodeship
Silesian
Voivodeship
Śląskie
Capital city
Katowice
Area
12,333
Population
4,492,330
Subcarpathian
Subcarpathian
Voivodeship
Subcarpathian
Voivodeship
Podkarpackie
Capital city
Rzeszów
Area
17,846
Population
2,121,229
Holy Cross
Holy Cross
Voivodeship
Holy Cross
Voivodeship
Świętokrzyskie
Capital city
Kielce
Area
11,710
Population
1,224,626
Warmian-Masurian
Warmian-Masurian
Voivodeship
Warmian-Masurian
Voivodeship
Warmińsko-Mazurskie
Capital city
Olsztyn
Area
24,173
Population
1,416,495
West Pomeranian
West Pomeranian
Voivodeship
West Pomeranian
Voivodeship
Zachodniopomorskie
Capital city
Szczecin
Area
22,905
Population
1,688,047
Voivodeship
Capital city
Area
Population
in English
in Polish
km2
2021
Greater Poland
Wielkopolskie
Poznań
29,826
3,496,450
Kuyavian-Pomeranian
Kujawsko-Pomorskie
Bydgoszcz & Toruń
17,971
2,061,942
Lesser Poland
Małopolskie
Kraków
15,183
3,410,441
Łódź
Łódzkie
Łódź
18,219
2,437,970
Lower Silesian
Dolnośląskie
Wrocław
19,947
2,891,321
Lublin
Lubelskie
Lublin
25,123
2,095,258
Lubusz
Lubuskie
Gorzów Wielkopolski &Zielona Góra
13,988
1,007,145
Masovian
Mazowieckie
Warsaw
35,559
5,425,028
Opole
Opolskie
Opole
9,412
976,774
Podlaskie
Podlaskie
Białystok
20,187
1,173,286
Pomeranian
Pomorskie
Gdańsk
18,323
2,346,671
Silesian
Śląskie
Katowice
12,333
4,492,330
Subcarpathian
Podkarpackie
Rzeszów
17,846
2,121,229
Holy Cross
Świętokrzyskie
Kielce
11,710
1,224,626
Warmian-Masurian
Warmińsko-Mazurskie
Olsztyn
24,173
1,416,495
West Pomeranian
Zachodniopomorskie
Szczecin
22,905
1,688,047
Economic indicators · Economy
Nominal GDP
Nominal GDP
GDP (PPP)
Nominal GDP
$2.019 trillion (2025)
$1.039 trillion (2025)
Real GDP growth
Real GDP growth
GDP (PPP)
Real GDP growth
$2.019 trillion (2025)
2.9% (2024)
CPI inflation
CPI inflation
GDP (PPP)
CPI inflation
$2.019 trillion (2025)
2.5% (May 2024)
Employment-to-population
Employment-to-population
GDP (PPP)
Employment-to-population
$2.019 trillion (2025)
57% (2022)
Unemployment
Unemployment
GDP (PPP)
Unemployment
$2.019 trillion (2025)
2.8% (2025)
Total public debt
Total public debt
GDP (PPP)
Total public debt
$2.019 trillion (2025)
$502.3 billion (2024)
GDP (PPP)
trillion (2025)
Nominal GDP
trillion (2025)
Real GDP growth
2.9% (2024)
CPI inflation
May 2024)
Employment-to-population
57% (2022)
Unemployment
2.8% (2025)
Total public debt
billion (2024)

References

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  440. Historical Dictionary of Polish Cinema
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  441. Pop Culture in Central Europe
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  442. Populist Political Communication in Poland
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  449. "FIVB Men's Volleyball World Ranking"
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  451. "Finals"
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