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Pol Pot

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Pol Pot

Pol Pot (born Saloth Sâr; 25 May 1925 – 15 April 1998) was a Cambodian politician, revolutionary, and dictator who ruled the communist state of Democratic Kampuchea from 1975 until his overthrow in 1979. During his reign, his administration oversaw mass atrocities and he is widely believed to be one of the most brutal despots in modern world history. Ideologically a Maoist and Khmer ethnonationalist, Pot was a leader of Cambodia's Communist movement, known as the Khmer Rouge, from 1963 to 1997. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea from 1963 to 1981, during which Cambodia was converted into a one-party state. Between 1975 and 1979, the Khmer Rouge perpetrated the Cambodian genocide, in which an estimated 1.5–2 million people died—approximately one-quarter of the country's pre-genocide population. In December 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia to remove the Khmer Rouge from power. Within two weeks Vietnamese forces occupied most of the country, ending the genocide and establishing a new Cambodian government, with the Khmer Rouge restricted to the rural hinterlands in the western part of the country. Born to a prosperous farmer in Prek Sbauv, French Cambodia, Pol Pot was educated at some of Cambodia's most elite schools. Arriving in Paris in October 1949 on an academic scholarship, he later joined the French Communist Party in 1951 while studying at École française de radioélectricité. Returning to Cambodia in 1953, he involved himself in the Khmer Viet Minh organisation and its guerrilla war against King Norodom Sihanouk's newly independent government. Following the Khmer Viet Minh's 1954 retreat into North Vietnam, Pol Pot returned to Phnom Penh, working as a teacher while remaining a central member of Cambodia's Marxist–Leninist movement. In 1959, he helped formalise the movement into the Kampuchean Labour Party, which was later renamed the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK). To avoid state repression, in 1962 he relocated to a jungle encampment and in 1963 he became the CPK's leader. In 1968, he relaunched the war against Sihanouk's government. After Lon Nol ousted Sihanouk in a 1970 coup, Pol Pot's forces sided with the deposed leader against the new government, which was bolstered by the United States military. Aided by the Viet Cong militia and North Vietnamese troops, Khmer Rouge forces advanced and controlled all of Cambodia by 1975. Pol Pot transformed Cambodia into a one-party state that he called Democratic Kampuchea, seeking to create an agrarian socialist society that he believed would evolve into a communist one. Year Zero was an idea put into practice by Pol Pot where he believed that all cultures and traditions must be completely destroyed and a new revolutionary culture must replace it starting from scratch. "Year Zero" was announced by the Khmer Rouge on April 17, 1975, where everything before that date must be purged. The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities, frogmarched Cambodians to labor camps and relocated the urban population to collective farms, where mass executions, abuse, torture, malnutrition and disease were rampant. In the Killing Fields, more than 1.3 million people were executed and buried in mass graves. Pursuing complete egalitarianism, money, religion, and private property were abolished and all citizens were forced to wear the same black clothing. Repeated purges of the CPK generated growing discontent; by 1978, Cambodian soldiers were mounting a rebellion in the east. After several years of Khmer Rouge incursions and massacres on Vietnamese territory, Vietnam invaded Cambodia in December 1978. By January 1979, Pot and the Khmer Rouge had been toppled. The surviving Khmer Rouge members retreated to the scattered jungles near the Thai border, from where they continued to fight and raid. Severely weakened, they were hunted down by Vietnamese soldiers until their withdrawal in 1989. In declining health, Pol Pot stepped back from many of his roles in the movement. In 1998, the Khmer Rouge commander Ta Mok placed Pot under house arrest. Pol Pot died shortly afterward. During his rise to power which occurred at the high point of the communist movement's potency across the world, Pot proved to be divisive to the international communist movement. Many claimed that he deviated from orthodox Marxism–Leninism, but China supported his government as a bulwark against Soviet influence in Southeast Asia. Regarded as a totalitarian dictator guilty of crimes against humanity, he has been widely denounced internationally for his role in the Cambodian genocide.

Infobox

Deputy
Ieng SarySon SenVorn Vet
Preceded by
Himself(as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea)
Succeeded by
Khieu Samphan
President
Khieu Samphan
Prime Minister
Penn NouthHimself
Born
Saloth Sâr(1925-05-19)19 May 1925Prek Sbauv, Kampong Thom, Cambodia
Died
15 April 1998(1998-04-15) (aged 72)Choam, Oddar Meanchey, Cambodia
Political party
Party of Democratic Kampuchea (1981–1993)Communist Party of Kampuchea (1960–1981)
Other politicalaffiliations
French Communist Party (1950s)
Spouses
mw- Khieu Ponnary (m. 1956; div. 1979) Mea Son (m. 1986)
Children
Sar Patchata
Education
EFREI (no degree)
Allegiance
Khmer RougeDemocratic Kampuchea
Branch/service
Kampuchea Revolutionary Army
Years of service
1963–1997
Rank
General
Battles/wars
Vietnam WarCambodian Civil WarCambodian–Vietnamese War
Party
Party of Democratic Kampuchea (1981–1993)Communist Party of Kampuchea (1960–1981)

Tables

· External links
Preceded byKhieu Samphan
Preceded byKhieu Samphan
Political offices
Preceded byKhieu Samphan
Political offices
Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea 1976–1979
Political offices
Succeeded byKhieu Samphan
Preceded byNone
Preceded byNone
Political offices
Preceded byNone
Political offices
Director of the Higher Institute of National Defence 1985–1997
Political offices
Succeeded byNone
Party political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
Preceded byTou Samouth
Preceded byTou Samouth
Political offices
Preceded byTou Samouth
Political offices
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea 1963–1981
Political offices
Succeeded byHimselfParty of Democratic Kampuchea
Preceded byHimselfKampuchean Communist Party
Preceded byHimselfKampuchean Communist Party
Political offices
Preceded byHimselfKampuchean Communist Party
Political offices
General Secretary of the Party of Democratic Kampuchea 1981–1985
Political offices
Succeeded byKhieu Samphan
Military offices
Military offices
Political offices
Military offices
Preceded by?
Preceded by?
Political offices
Preceded by?
Political offices
Supreme Commander of the National Army of Democratic Kampuchea 1980–1985
Political offices
Succeeded bySon Sen
Political offices
Preceded byKhieu Samphan
Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea 1976–1979
Succeeded byKhieu Samphan
Preceded byNone
Director of the Higher Institute of National Defence 1985–1997
Succeeded byNone
Party political offices
Preceded byTou Samouth
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea 1963–1981
Succeeded byHimselfParty of Democratic Kampuchea
Preceded byHimselfKampuchean Communist Party
General Secretary of the Party of Democratic Kampuchea 1981–1985
Succeeded byKhieu Samphan
Military offices
Preceded by?
Supreme Commander of the National Army of Democratic Kampuchea 1980–1985
Succeeded bySon Sen

References

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  2. Head of State of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
  3. In this Cambodian name, the surname is Pol. In accordance with Cambodian custom, this person should be referred to by t
  4. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- UK: /pɒl ˈpɒt/ pol POT, US: /poʊl ˈpɒt/ pohl POT; Khmer: ប៉ុល ពត
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  471. Public Broadcasting Service
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