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Pneumonia

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Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severity of the condition is variable. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria, and less commonly by other microorganisms. Identifying the responsible pathogen can be difficult. Diagnosis is often based on symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-rays, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired, such as community- or hospital-acquired or healthcare-associated pneumonia. Risk factors for pneumonia include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sickle cell disease, asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough (such as following a stroke), and immunodeficiency. Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia (such as those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, influenza viruses, or SARS-CoV-2) are available. Other methods of prevention include hand washing to prevent infection, prompt treatment of worsening respiratory symptoms, and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low. Each year, pneumonia affects about 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about 4 million deaths. With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival has greatly improved. Nevertheless, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death in developing countries, and also among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill. Pneumonia often shortens the period of suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend".

Infobox

Other names
Pneumonitis
Pronunciation
mw- /njuːˈmoʊniə/ new-MOH-nee-ə
Specialty
Pulmonology, infectious disease
Symptoms
Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever
Duration
Few weeks
Causes
Bacteria, virus, aspiration
Risk factors
Cystic fibrosis, COPD, sickle cell disease, asthma, diabetes, heart failure, history of smoking, very young age, older age
Diagnostic method
Based on symptoms, chest X-ray
Differential diagnosis
COPD, asthma, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism
Prevention
Vaccines, handwashing, not smoking
Medication
Antibiotics, antivirals, oxygen therapy
Frequency
450 million (7%) per year
Deaths
Four million per year

Tables

· Signs and symptoms
Symptom
Symptom
Symptoms frequency
Symptom
Symptoms frequency
Frequency
Cough
Cough
Symptoms frequency
Cough
Symptoms frequency
79–91%
Fatigue
Fatigue
Symptoms frequency
Fatigue
Symptoms frequency
90%
Fever
Fever
Symptoms frequency
Fever
Symptoms frequency
71–75%
Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath
Symptoms frequency
Shortness of breath
Symptoms frequency
67–75%
Sputum
Sputum
Symptoms frequency
Sputum
Symptoms frequency
60–65%
Chest pain
Chest pain
Symptoms frequency
Chest pain
Symptoms frequency
39–49%
Symptoms frequency
Symptom
Frequency
Cough
79–91%
Fatigue
90%
Fever
71–75%
Shortness of breath
67–75%
Sputum
60–65%
Chest pain
39–49%
· Management
Symptom
Symptom
CURB-65
Symptom
CURB-65
Points
Confusion
Confusion
CURB-65
Confusion
CURB-65
1
Urea>7 mmol/L
Urea>7 mmol/L
CURB-65
Urea>7 mmol/L
CURB-65
1
Respiratory rate>30
Respiratory rate>30
CURB-65
Respiratory rate>30
CURB-65
1
SBP<90mmHg, DBP<60mmHg
SBP<90mmHg, DBP<60mmHg
CURB-65
SBP<90mmHg, DBP<60mmHg
CURB-65
1
Age>=65
Age>=65
CURB-65
Age>=65
CURB-65
1
CURB-65
Symptom
Points
Confusion
1
Urea>7 mmol/L
1
Respiratory rate>30
1
SBP<90mmHg, DBP<60mmHg
1
Age>=65
1

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