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Pluto

Updated: Wikipedia source

Pluto

Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object to directly orbit the Sun. It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume by a small margin, but is less massive than Eris. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is made primarily of ice and rock and is much smaller than the inner planets. Pluto has roughly one-sixth the mass of the Moon and one-third of its volume. Originally considered a planet, its status was changed when astronomers adopted a new definition of the word with new criteria. Pluto has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit, ranging from 30 to 49 astronomical units (4.5 to 7.3 billion kilometres; 2.8 to 4.6 billion miles) from the Sun. Light from the Sun takes 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its orbital distance of 39.5 AU (5.91 billion km; 3.67 billion mi). Pluto's eccentric orbit periodically brings it closer to the Sun than Neptune, but a stable orbital resonance prevents them from colliding. Pluto has five known moons: Charon, the largest, whose diameter is just over half that of Pluto; Styx; Nix; Kerberos; and Hydra. Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a binary system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body, and they are tidally locked. New Horizons was the first spacecraft to visit Pluto and its moons, making a flyby on July 14, 2015, and taking detailed measurements and observations. Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde W. Tombaugh, making it the first known object in the Kuiper belt. It was immediately hailed as the ninth planet. However, its planetary status was questioned when it was found to be much smaller than expected. These doubts increased following the discovery of additional objects in the Kuiper belt starting in the 1990s, particularly the more massive scattered disk object Eris in 2005. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) formally redefined the term planet to exclude dwarf planets such as Pluto. Many planetary astronomers, however, continue to consider Pluto and other dwarf planets to be planets.

Infobox

Discovered by
Clyde W. Tombaugh
Discovery site
Lowell Observatory
Discovery date
February 18, 1930
MPC designation
(134340) Pluto
Pronunciation
/ˈpluːtoʊ/ ⓘ
Named after
Pluto
Minor planet category
mw- Dwarf planet Trans-Neptunian object Kuiper belt object Plutino
Adjectives
Plutonian /pluːˈtoʊniən/
Symbol
or
Earliest precovery date
August 20, 1909
Aphelion
49.305 AU (7.37593 billion km) February 2114
Perihelion
29.658 AU (4.43682 billion km) (September 5, 1989)
Semi-major axis
39.482 AU (5.90638 billion km)
Eccentricity
0.2488
Orbital period (sidereal)
247.94 years 90,560 d
Orbital period (synodic)
366.73 days
Average orbital speed
4.743 km/s
Mean anomaly
14.53 deg
Inclination
17.16° (11.88° to Sun's equator)
Longitude of ascending node
110.299°
Argument of perihelion
113.834°
Known satellites
5
Dimensions
2,376.6±1.6 km (observations consistent with a sphere, predicted deviations too small to be observed)
Mean radius
1,188.3±0.8 km 0.1868 Earths
Flattening
<1%
Surface area
1.774443×107 km2[c] 0.035 Earths
Volume
(7.057±0.004)×109 km3[d] 0.00651 Earths
Mass
(1.3025±0.0006)×1022 kg 0.00218 Earths 0.177 Moons
Mean density
1.853±0.004 g/cm3
Equatorial surface gravity
0.620 m/s2 (0.0632 g0)[e]
Equatorial escape velocity
1.212 km/s[f]
Synodic rotation period
−6.38680 d −6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 00 s
Sidereal rotation period
−6.387230 d −6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 36 s
Equatorial rotation velocity
13.53 m/s
Axial tilt
119.51° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
132.993°
North pole declination
−6.163°
Geometric albedo
0.52 geometric (locally 0.08–1.0)0.72 ± 0.07 Bond
Surface temp.
Surface temp. min mean max Kelvin 33 K 44 K (−229 °C) 55 K
Kelvin
33 K
Apparent magnitude
13.65 to 16.3 (mean is 15.1)
Absolute magnitude (H)
−0.44
Angular diameter
0.06″ to 0.11″[g]
Surface pressure
1.0 Pa (2015) (9.9×10−6 atm)
Composition by volume
Nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide

Tables

Mass estimates for Pluto · History › Planet X disproved
1915
1915
Year
1915
Mass
7 Earths
Estimate by
Lowell (prediction for Planet X)
1931
1931
Year
1931
Mass
1 Earth
Estimate by
Nicholson & Mayall
1948
1948
Year
1948
Mass
0.1 (1/10) Earth
Estimate by
Kuiper
1976
1976
Year
1976
Mass
0.01 (1/100) Earth
Estimate by
Cruikshank, Pilcher, & Morrison
1978
1978
Year
1978
Mass
0.0015 (1/650) Earth
Estimate by
Christy & Harrington
2006
2006
Year
2006
Mass
0.00218 (1/459) Earth
Estimate by
Buie et al.
Year
Mass
Estimate by
1915
7 Earths
Lowell (prediction for Planet X)
1931
1 Earth
Nicholson & Mayall
1948
Earth
Kuiper
1976
Earth
Cruikshank, Pilcher, & Morrison
1978
Earth
Christy & Harrington
2006
Earth
Buie et al.

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  3. Surface area derived from the radius r: 4 π r
  4. Volume v derived from the radius r: 4 π r 3
  5. Surface gravity derived from the mass M, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: G
  6. Escape velocity derived from the mass M, the gravitational constant G and the radius r:
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