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Pioneer 10

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Pioneer 10

Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is a NASA space probe launched in 1972 that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Pioneer 10 became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity needed to leave the Solar System. This space exploration project was conducted by the NASA Ames Research Center in California. The space probe was manufactured by TRW Inc. Pioneer 10 was assembled around a hexagonal bus with a 2.74-meter (9 ft 0 in) diameter parabolic dish high-gain antenna, and the spacecraft was spin stabilized around the axis of the antenna. Its electric power was supplied by four radioisotope thermoelectric generators that provided a combined 155 watts at launch. It was launched on March 3, 1972, at 01:49:00 UTC (March 2 local time), by an Atlas-Centaur rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Between July 15, 1972, and February 15, 1973, it became the first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt. Photography of Jupiter began on November 6, 1973, at a range of 25 million kilometers (16 million miles), and about 500 images were transmitted. The closest approach to the planet was on December 3, 1973, at a range of 132,252 kilometers (82,178 mi). During the mission, the on-board instruments were used to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter, the solar wind, cosmic rays, and eventually the far reaches of the Solar System and heliosphere. Radio communications were lost with Pioneer 10 on January 23, 2003, because of the loss of electric power for its radio transmitter. At the time, the probe was 12 billion km (80 AU; 7.5 billion mi) from Earth.

Infobox

Mission type
Planetary / Heliosphere exploration
Operator
NASA / Ames
COSPAR ID
1972-012A
SATCAT no.
5860
Website
science.nasa.gov
Mission duration
30 years, 10 months and 21 days
Spacecraft
Pioneer F
Manufacturer
TRW
Launch mass
258 kg
Power
155 watts (at launch)
Launch date
March 3, 1972 (1972-03-03), 01:49:04 UTC
Rocket
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Star-37E
Launch site
Cape Canaveral LC-36A
Disposal
Decommissioned
Declared
31 March 1997
Last contact
27 April 2002Last telemetry23 January 2003Last signal received
Closest approach
December 3, 1973 (1973-12-03)
Distance
132,252 km (82,178 mi)
Instruments
InstrumentsHMVHelium Vector Magnetometer-Quadrispherical Plasma AnalyzerCPICharged Particle InstrumentCRTCosmic Ray TelescopeGTTGeiger Tube TelescopeTRDTrapped Radiation Detector-Meteoroid DetectorsAMDAsteroid/Meteoroid Detector-Ultraviolet PhotometerIPPImaging Photopolarimeter-Infrared Radiometer
HMV
Helium Vector Magnetometer
-
Infrared Radiometer
CPI
Charged Particle Instrument
CRT
Cosmic Ray Telescope
GTT
Geiger Tube Telescope
TRD
Trapped Radiation Detector
AMD
Asteroid/Meteoroid Detector
IPP
Imaging Photopolarimeter

Tables

· Mission background › Spacecraft design › Scientific instruments
Quadrispherical Plasma Analyzer
Quadrispherical Plasma Analyzer
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Quadrispherical Plasma Analyzer
Charged Particle Instrument (CPI)
Charged Particle Instrument (CPI)
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Charged Particle Instrument (CPI)
Cosmic Ray Telescope (CRT)
Cosmic Ray Telescope (CRT)
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Cosmic Ray Telescope (CRT)
Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT)
Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT)
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT)
Trapped Radiation Detector (TRD)
Trapped Radiation Detector (TRD)
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Trapped Radiation Detector (TRD)
Meteoroid Detectors
Meteoroid Detectors
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Meteoroid Detectors
Asteroid/Meteoroid Detector (AMD)
Asteroid/Meteoroid Detector (AMD)
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Asteroid/Meteoroid Detector (AMD)
Ultraviolet Photometer
Ultraviolet Photometer
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Ultraviolet Photometer
Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP)
Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP)
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP)
Infrared Radiometer
Infrared Radiometer
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
Infrared Radiometer
Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
This instrument measures the fine structure of the interplanetary magnetic field, mapped the Jovian magnetic field, and provided magnetic field measurements to evaluate solar wind interaction with Jupiter. The magnetometer consists of a helium-filled cell mounted on a 6.6 m boom to partly isolate the instrument from the spacecraft's magnetic field. Principal investigator: Edward Smith / JPL Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Quadrispherical Plasma Analyzer
The plasma analyzer peers through a hole in the large dish-shaped antenna to detect particles of the solar wind originating from the Sun. Principal investigator: Aaron Barnes / NASA Ames Research Center Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Charged Particle Instrument (CPI)
This instrument detects cosmic rays in the Solar System. Principal investigator: John Simpson / University of Chicago Data: NSSDC data archive
Cosmic Ray Telescope (CRT)
This instrument collects data on the composition of the cosmic ray particles and their energy ranges. Principal investigator: Frank B. McDonald / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT)
The Geiger tube telescope surveys the intensities, energy spectra, and angular distributions of electrons and protons along the spacecraft's path through the radiation belts of Jupiter. Principal investigator: James A. Van Allen / University of Iowa Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Trapped Radiation Detector (TRD)
This instrument includes an unfocused Cerenkov counter that detects the light emitted in a particular direction as particles passed through it recording electrons of energy, 0.5 to 12 MeV, an electron scatter detector for electrons of energy, 100 to 400 keV, and a minimum ionizing detector consisting of a solid-state diode that measure minimum ionizing particles (<3 MeV) and protons in the range of 50 to 350 MeV. Principal investigator: R. Fillius / University of California San Diego Data: NSSDC data archive
Meteoroid Detectors
The meteoroid detectors consist of twelve panels of pressurized cell detectors mounted on the back of the main dish antenna record penetrating impacts of small meteoroids. Principal investigator: William Kinard / NASA Langley Research Center Data: NSSDC data archive list
Asteroid/Meteoroid Detector (AMD)
The meteoroid-asteroid detector look into space with four non-imaging telescopes to track particles ranging from close by bits of dust to distant large asteroids. Principal investigator: Robert Soberman / General Electric Company Data: NSSDC data archive
Ultraviolet Photometer
Ultraviolet light (200 to 800 Å) is sensed by the UV photometer to determine the quantities of hydrogen and helium in space and on Jupiter. Principal investigator: Darrell Judge / University of Southern California Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP)
The imaging experiment relies upon the spin of the spacecraft to sweep a small telescope across the planet in narrow strips only 0.03 degrees wide, looking at the planet in red (5800 to 7000 Å) and blue (3900 to 4900 Å) light. These strips were then processed to build up a visual image of the planet. Principal investigator: Tom Gehrels / University of Arizona Data: NSSDC data archive list
Infrared Radiometer
This instrument provides information on cloud temperature and the output of heat from Jupiter. Principal investigator: Andrew Ingersoll / California Institute of Technology
1972-03-03
1972-03-03
Date
1972-03-03
Event
Spacecraft launched
1972-06-
1972-06-
Date
1972-06-
Event
Crossed orbit of Mars
1972-07-15
1972-07-15
Date
1972-07-15
Event
Entered the asteroid belt
1973-12
1973-12
Date
1973-12
Event
Start Jupiter observation phase Time Event 1973-12-03 Encounter with Jovian system 12:26:00 Callisto flyby at 1,392,300 km (865,100 mi) 13:56:00 Ganymede flyby at 446,250 km (277,290 mi) 19:26:00 Europa flyby at 321,000 km 22:56:00 Io flyby at 357,000 km 1973-12-04 02:26:00 Jupiter closest approach at 200,000 km 02:36:00 Jupiter equator plane crossing 02:41:45 Io occultation entry 02:43:16 Io occultation exit 03:42:25 Jupiter occultation entry 03:42:25 Jupiter shadow entry 04:15:35 Jupiter occultation exit 04:47:21 Jupiter shadow exit 1974-01-01 Phase stop
1974-01-01
1974-01-01
Date
1974-01-01
Event
Begin Pioneer Interstellar Mission
Date
Event
1972-03-03
Spacecraft launched
1972-06-
Crossed orbit of Mars
1972-07-15
Entered the asteroid belt
1973-12
Start Jupiter observation phase Time Event 1973-12-03 Encounter with Jovian system 12:26:00 Callisto flyby at 1,392,300 km (865,100 mi) 13:56:00 Ganymede flyby at 446,250 km (277,290 mi) 19:26:00 Europa flyby at 321,000 km 22:56:00 Io flyby at 357,000 km 1973-12-04 02:26:00 Jupiter closest approach at 200,000 km 02:36:00 Jupiter equator plane crossing 02:41:45 Io occultation entry 02:43:16 Io occultation exit 03:42:25 Jupiter occultation entry 03:42:25 Jupiter shadow entry 04:15:35 Jupiter occultation exit 04:47:21 Jupiter shadow exit 1974-01-01 Phase stop
TimeEvent
1973-12-03Encounter with Jovian system
12:26:00Callisto flyby at 1,392,300 km (865,100 mi)
13:56:00Ganymede flyby at 446,250 km (277,290 mi)
19:26:00Europa flyby at 321,000 km
22:56:00Io flyby at 357,000 km
1973-12-04
02:26:00Jupiter closest approach at 200,000 km
02:36:00Jupiter equator plane crossing
02:41:45Io occultation entry
1974-01-01
Begin Pioneer Interstellar Mission
1973-12-03
1973-12-03
Time
1973-12-03
Event
Encounter with Jovian system
12:26:00
12:26:00
Time
12:26:00
Event
Callisto flyby at 1,392,300 km (865,100 mi)
13:56:00
13:56:00
Time
13:56:00
Event
Ganymede flyby at 446,250 km (277,290 mi)
19:26:00
19:26:00
Time
19:26:00
Event
Europa flyby at 321,000 km
22:56:00
22:56:00
Time
22:56:00
Event
Io flyby at 357,000 km
1973-12-04
1973-12-04
Time
1973-12-04
02:26:00
02:26:00
Time
02:26:00
Event
Jupiter closest approach at 200,000 km
02:36:00
02:36:00
Time
02:36:00
Event
Jupiter equator plane crossing
02:41:45
02:41:45
Time
02:41:45
Event
Io occultation entry
02:43:16
02:43:16
Time
02:43:16
Event
Io occultation exit
03:42:25
03:42:25
Time
03:42:25
Event
Jupiter occultation entry
03:42:25
03:42:25
Time
03:42:25
Event
Jupiter shadow entry
04:15:35
04:15:35
Time
04:15:35
Event
Jupiter occultation exit
04:47:21
04:47:21
Time
04:47:21
Event
Jupiter shadow exit
1974-01-01
1974-01-01
Time
1974-01-01
Event
Phase stop
Time
Event
1973-12-03
Encounter with Jovian system
12:26:00
Callisto flyby at 1,392,300 km (865,100 mi)
13:56:00
Ganymede flyby at 446,250 km (277,290 mi)
19:26:00
Europa flyby at 321,000 km
22:56:00
Io flyby at 357,000 km
1973-12-04
02:26:00
Jupiter closest approach at 200,000 km
02:36:00
Jupiter equator plane crossing
02:41:45
Io occultation entry
02:43:16
Io occultation exit
03:42:25
Jupiter occultation entry
03:42:25
Jupiter shadow entry
04:15:35
Jupiter occultation exit
04:47:21
Jupiter shadow exit
1974-01-01
Phase stop
1975-02-10
1975-02-10
More
1975-02-10
More
The US Post Office issued a commemorative stamp featuring the Pioneer 10 space probe (See image).
1983-04-25
1983-04-25
More
1983-04-25
More
Crossed orbit of Pluto, still defined as a planet at the time (Pluto's irregular orbit meant it was closer to the Sun than Neptune).
1983-06-13
1983-06-13
More
1983-06-13
More
Crossed orbit of Neptune, the farthest planet away from the Sun at the time, to become the first human-made object to depart the Solar System. By dialing 1-900-410-4111, one could access a recording provided by TRW that was made by slowing down and converting Pioneer 10's data feed to analog sounds.
1997-03-31
1997-03-31
More
1997-03-31
More
End of mission. Contact is maintained with spacecraft to record telemetry.
1998-02-17
1998-02-17
More
1998-02-17
More
Voyager 1 overtakes Pioneer 10 as the most distant human-made object from the Sun, at 69.419 AU. Voyager 1 is moving away from the Sun over 1 AU per year faster than Pioneer 10.
2002-03-02
2002-03-02
More
2002-03-02
More
Successful reception of telemetry. 39 minutes of clean data received from a distance of 79.83 AU
2002-04-27
2002-04-27
More
2002-04-27
More
Last successful reception of telemetry. 33 minutes of clean data received from a distance of 80.22 AU
2003-01-23
2003-01-23
More
2003-01-23
More
Final signal received from the spacecraft. Reception was very weak and subsequent signals were barely strong enough to detect.
2003-02-07
2003-02-07
More
2003-02-07
More
Unsuccessful attempt to contact the spacecraft.
2006-03-04
2006-03-04
More
2006-03-04
More
Final attempt, again unsuccessful, to contact the spacecraft.
2023-07-18
2023-07-18
More
2023-07-18
More
Projections indicate that Voyager 2 overtook Pioneer 10 as the second farthest spacecraft from the Sun
More
1975-02-10
The US Post Office issued a commemorative stamp featuring the Pioneer 10 space probe (See image).
1983-04-25
Crossed orbit of Pluto, still defined as a planet at the time (Pluto's irregular orbit meant it was closer to the Sun than Neptune).
1983-06-13
Crossed orbit of Neptune, the farthest planet away from the Sun at the time, to become the first human-made object to depart the Solar System. By dialing 1-900-410-4111, one could access a recording provided by TRW that was made by slowing down and converting Pioneer 10's data feed to analog sounds.
1997-03-31
End of mission. Contact is maintained with spacecraft to record telemetry.
1998-02-17
Voyager 1 overtakes Pioneer 10 as the most distant human-made object from the Sun, at 69.419 AU. Voyager 1 is moving away from the Sun over 1 AU per year faster than Pioneer 10.
2002-03-02
Successful reception of telemetry. 39 minutes of clean data received from a distance of 79.83 AU
2002-04-27
Last successful reception of telemetry. 33 minutes of clean data received from a distance of 80.22 AU
2003-01-23
Final signal received from the spacecraft. Reception was very weak and subsequent signals were barely strong enough to detect.
2003-02-07
Unsuccessful attempt to contact the spacecraft.
2006-03-04
Final attempt, again unsuccessful, to contact the spacecraft.
2023-07-18
Projections indicate that Voyager 2 overtook Pioneer 10 as the second farthest spacecraft from the Sun

References

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    https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-10/
  2. A Summary of the Pioneer 10 Maneuver Strategy
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  25. "Charged Particle Instrument (CPI)"
    https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-02
  26. "Cosmic-Ray Spectra"
    https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-12
  27. "Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT)"
    https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-11
  28. "Jovian Trapped Radiation"
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  29. "Meteoroid Detectors"
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  30. "Asteroid/Meteoroid Astronomy"
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  31. "Ultraviolet Photometry"
    https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-06
  32. "Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP)"
    https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-07
  33. "Infrared Radiometers"
    https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-08
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  63. "Distance between the Sun and Voyager 2"
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  64. "Distance between the Sun and Pioneer 10"
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  72. Chaos Control
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