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Pierre Trudeau

Updated: Wikipedia source

Pierre Trudeau

Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau (October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000) was a Canadian politician and lawyer who served as the 15th prime minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and again from 1980 to 1984. Between his non-consecutive terms as prime minister, he served as the leader of the Official Opposition from 1979 to 1980. Trudeau was born and raised in Outremont, Quebec, and studied politics and law. In the 1950s, he rose to prominence as a labour activist in Quebec politics by opposing the conservative Union Nationale government. Trudeau was then an associate professor of law at the Université de Montréal. He was originally part of the social democratic New Democratic Party (NDP), but then joined the Liberal Party in 1965, believing that the NDP could not achieve power. That year, he was elected to the House of Commons, and was quickly appointed as prime minister Lester B. Pearson's parliamentary secretary. In 1967, Trudeau was appointed as minister of justice and attorney general, during which time he liberalized divorce and abortion laws and decriminalized homosexuality. Trudeau's outgoing personality and charisma caused a sensation, termed "Trudeaumania", which helped him win the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1968. He then succeeded Pearson and became prime minister of Canada. From the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, Trudeau dominated the Canadian political scene. After his appointment as prime minister, he won the 1968, 1972, and 1974 federal elections, before narrowly losing in 1979. He won a fourth election victory shortly afterwards, in 1980. Trudeau is the most recent prime minister to win four elections (having won three majority governments and one minority government) and to serve non-consecutive terms. His tenure of 15 years and 164 days makes him the third longest-serving prime minister in Canadian history, behind John A. Macdonald and William Lyon Mackenzie King. As prime minister, Trudeau pioneered official bilingualism and multiculturalism. During the Quebec sovereignty movement, he invoked the War Measures Act in response to the 1970 October Crisis and successfully led the federalist campaign against the 1980 Quebec sovereignty-association referendum. In economic policy, he introduced the capital gains tax, expanded welfare programs, and oversaw major increases in deficit spending. He also enacted the Anti-Inflation Act in response to the 1970s recession. In a bid to move the Liberal Party towards economic nationalism, Trudeau established Petro-Canada and launched the National Energy Program, both of which generated significant controversy in oil-rich Western Canada and led to a rise in what was called "Western alienation". His government also converted Canada to the metric system, established Via Rail, and enacted the Access to Information Act and the Canada Health Act. Trudeau pursued an independent path in foreign policy. He reduced alignment with the United States, maintained cordial relations with the Soviet Union, and developed strong ties with China and Cuban leader Fidel Castro, which put him at odds with other Western capitalist states. He also oversaw Canada's entry into the G7 forum. In 1982, Trudeau patriated the Constitution of Canada and established the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which, with the passage of the Constitution Act, 1982, achieved full Canadian sovereignty. Trudeau retired from politics shortly before the 1984 federal election. In his retirement, Trudeau practised law at the Montreal law firm of Heenan Blaikie. He also spoke out against the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords (which proposed granting Quebec certain concessions), arguing they would strengthen Quebec nationalism. Trudeau died in 2000. He is ranked highly among scholars in historical rankings of Canadian prime ministers, though he remains a divisive figure in Canadian politics. Critics accused him of arrogance, economic mismanagement, and unduly centralizing Canadian decision-making to the detriment of the culture of Quebec and the economy of the Prairies, while admirers praised what they considered to be the force of his intellect and his political acumen which maintained national unity throughout the Quebec sovereignty movement. Trudeau's eldest son, Justin Trudeau, served as the 23rd prime minister of Canada from 2015 to 2025, becoming the first prime minister of Canada to be the child of a previous prime minister.

Infobox

Monarch
Elizabeth II
Governors General
Roland Michener Jules Léger Edward Schreyer
Deputy
Allan MacEachen (1977–1979)
Preceded by
Alan Macnaughton
Succeeded by
Sheila Finestone
Prime Minister
Lester B. Pearson
Born
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau(1919-10-18)October 18, 1919Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Died
September 28, 2000(2000-09-28) (aged 80) Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Resting place
Saint-Rémi Cemetery, Saint-Rémi, Quebec
Political party
Liberal (from 1965)
Other politicalaffiliations
New Democratic (1961–1965) Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (until 1961)
Spouse
mw- Margaret Sinclair (m. 1971; div. 1984)
Children
4, including Justin, Alexandre, Michel
Parent
Charles-Émile Trudeau (father)
Relatives
Trudeau family
Alma mater
Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf (DEC) Université de Montréal (LLB) Harvard University (MA) Sciences Po London School of Economics
Occupation
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Politicianlawyerjuristacademicauthorjournalist
Allegiance
Canada
Branch/service
Canadian Army
Years of service
1943–1945
Rank
Officer Cadet
Unit
Canadian Officers' Training Corps
Party
Liberal (from 1965)

Tables

List of budgets passed by the Pierre Trudeau government from 1968 to 1979 $ represent Canadian billions of unadjusted dollars · First premiership (1968–1979) › Economic policy › Deficit spending
Surplus
Surplus
Budget
Surplus
1969
$0.14
Deficit
Deficit
Budget
Deficit
1968
$0.667
1970
$1.016
1971
$1.786
1972
$1.901
1973
$2.211
1974
$2.225
1975
$6.204
1976
$6.897
1977
$10.879
Apr. 1978
$13.029
Nov. 1978
$11.967
Budget
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
Apr. 1978
Nov. 1978
Surplus
$0.14
Deficit
$0.667
$1.016
$1.786
$1.901
$2.211
$2.225
$6.204
$6.897
$10.879
$13.029
$11.967
· Honours
Ribbon
Description
Notes
Order of the Companions of Honour (C.H.)
July 4, 1984
Companion of the Order of Canada (C.C.)
Awarded on June 24, 1985 Invested on October 30, 1985
Centennial Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal
1967 As a Minister of the Crown and an elected Member of the House of Commons of Canada, the then Honourable Pierre Trudeau, P.C., M.P., Q.C., would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
1977 As the Prime Minister of Canada and an elected Member of the House of Commons of Canada, the Right Honourable Pierre Trudeau would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal
1992 As a former Prime Minister of Canada a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada and having been appointed to the Order of Canada, the Right Honourable Pierre Trudeau would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
· Honours › Honorary degrees
Alberta
Alberta
Location
Alberta
Date
1968
School
University of Alberta
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
1968
School
Queen's University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Sudan
Sudan
Location
Sudan
Date
1969
School
University of Khartoum
North Carolina
North Carolina
Location
North Carolina
Date
1974
School
Duke University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
1974
School
University of Ottawa
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Japan
Japan
Location
Japan
Date
1976
School
Keio University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Indiana
Indiana
Location
Indiana
Date
May 16, 1982
School
University of Notre Dame
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia
Location
Nova Scotia
Date
1982
School
St. Francis Xavier University
Quebec
Quebec
Location
Quebec
Date
November 5, 1985
School
McGill University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
British Columbia
British Columbia
Location
British Columbia
Date
May 30, 1986
School
University of British Columbia
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Macau
Macau
Location
Macau
Date
1987
School
University of Macau
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Quebec
Quebec
Location
Quebec
Date
1987
School
Université de Montréal
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
March 31, 1991
School
University of Toronto
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Location
Date
School
Degree
Alberta
1968
University of Alberta
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
1968
Queen's University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Sudan
1969
University of Khartoum
North Carolina
1974
Duke University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
1974
University of Ottawa
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Japan
1976
Keio University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Indiana
May 16, 1982
University of Notre Dame
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Nova Scotia
1982
St. Francis Xavier University
Quebec
November 5, 1985
McGill University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
British Columbia
May 30, 1986
University of British Columbia
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Macau
1987
University of Macau
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Quebec
1987
Université de Montréal
Ontario
March 31, 1991
University of Toronto
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)

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