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Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence

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Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence

The physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence spans from its original drafting in 1776 into the discovery of historical documents in the 21st century. This includes a number of drafts, handwritten copies, and published broadsides. The Declaration of Independence states that the Thirteen Colonies were now the "United Colonies" which "are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States"; and were no longer a part of the British Empire.

Tables

· Broadsides › Dunlap broadside › List of extant Dunlap broadsides
1
1
#
1
Location
New Haven, Connecticut
Owner
Beinecke Library, Yale University
2
2
#
2
Location
Bloomington, Indiana
Owner
Lilly Library, Indiana University
Provenance
Previous owner was Henry N. Flynt of Greenwich, Connecticut.
3
3
#
3
Location
Portland, Maine
Owner
Maine Historical Society
Provenance
Given to the society in 1893 at the bequest of John S. H. Fogg.
4
4
#
4
Location
Chicago, Illinois
Owner
Chicago Historical Society
Provenance
Signed by John Steward (1747–1829) of Goshen, New York; sold July 2, 1975, at auction, by Christie's, London; later sold to the Chicago Historical Society.
5
5
#
5
Location
Baltimore, Maryland
Owner
Maryland Historical Society
Provenance
Fragment of upper left area of the document, including the first 36 lines.
6
6
#
6
Location
Boston, Massachusetts
Owner
Massachusetts Historical Society
7
7
#
7
Location
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Owner
Houghton Library, Harvard University
Provenance
Donated in 1947 by Carleton R. Richmond.
8
8
#
8
Location
Williamstown, Massachusetts
Owner
Williams College
Provenance
Previously owned by the Wood family; sold at auction, April 22, 1983, by Christie's, New York.
9
9
#
9
Location
Princeton, New Jersey
Owner
Scheide Library, Firestone Library, Princeton University
Provenance
Currently owned by William R. Scheide; bought by John H. Scheide from A. S. W. Rosenbach.
10
10
#
10
Location
New York, New York(last known location)
Owner
Private collector
Provenance
Sold by the New-York Historical Society to a private collector in the United States, sometime between 1993 and 2008.
11
11
#
11
Location
New York, New York
Owner
New York Public Library
12
12
#
12
Location
New York, New York
Owner
Morgan Library
Provenance
Once owned by the Chew family; sold April 1, 1982, at auction at Christie's, New York.
13
13
#
13
Location
Exeter, New Hampshire
Owner
American Independence Museum
Provenance
Copy discovered in 1985 in the Ladd-Gilman House in Exeter.
14
14
#
14
Location
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Owner
American Philosophical Society
Provenance
Acquired from the Library of Congress in 1901 in a trade for Benjamin Franklin's Passy imprint of The Boston Independent Chronicle "Supplement."
15
15
#
15
Location
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Owner
Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Provenance
Fragment including the first 32 lines, thought to be likely an uncorrected proof, from the Frank M. Etting collection; Etting asserted it was this document that had been read in public. However, Charles Henry Hart wrote in 1900: "The endorsement is in the handwriting of the late Frank M. Etting, who died insane, one of the most inexact and inaccurate of collectors."
16
16
#
16
Location
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Owner
Independence National Historical Park
Provenance
Previously owned by Col. John Nixon, appointed by the sheriff of Philadelphia to read the Declaration of Independence to the public on July 8, 1776, in the State House yard; presented to the park by his heirs in 1951.
17
17
#
17
Location
Dallas, Texas
Owner
Dallas Public Library
Provenance
"The Leary Copy" discovered in 1968 amid the stock of Leary's Book Store of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a crate that had been unopened since 1911. Ira G. Corn Jr. and Joseph P. Driscoll of Dallas bought the manuscript on May 7, 1969. A group of 17 people later sold it to the Dallas city government.
18
18
#
18
Location
Charlottesville, Virginia
Owner
University of Virginia
Provenance
1/2. Found in 1955 in an attic in Albany, New York, where it had been used to wrap other papers. Bought by Charles E. Tuttle Company of Rutland, Vermont; later sold to David Randall, who sold it in 1956 to the university.
19
19
#
19
Location
Charlottesville, Virginia
Owner
University of Virginia
Provenance
2/2. "The H. Bradley Martin Copy"; exhibited at the Grolier Club in 1974; sold on January 31, 1990, to Albert H. Small, who gave it to the university.
20
20
#
20
Location
Washington, D.C.
Owner
Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division
Provenance
Acquired in 1867 as part of the purchase of documents assembled by Peter Force.
21
21
#
21
Location
Washington, D.C.
Owner
Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division, Washington Papers
Provenance
Fragment copy with 54 lines; thought to be the copy George Washington read to the troops on July 9, 1776, in New York.
22
22
#
22
Location
Washington, D.C.
Owner
National Archives
Provenance
Inserted into the Continental Congress manuscript journal, previously attached with a seal.
23
23
#
23
Location
Roving copy
Owner
Norman Lear
Provenance
Found in the back of a picture frame bought at a yard sale for $4.00 at an Adamstown, Pennsylvania flea market; now owned by a consortium which includes Norman Lear; sold in 2000 for $8.14 million; previously sold for $2.42 million on June 4, 1991.
24
24
#
24
Location
London, United Kingdom
Owner
The National Archives, Colonial Office Papers
Provenance
General William Howe and Vice Admiral Richard Howe from the flagship Eagle, off Staten Island, sent this copy with a letter dated August 11, 1776, which states, "A printed copy of this Declaration of Independency came accidentally to our hands a few days after the dispatch of the Mercury packet, and we have the honor to enclose it."
25
25
#
25
Location
London, United Kingdom
Owner
The National Archives, Admiralty Papers
Provenance
Vice Admiral Richard Howe sent this copy from the flagship Eagle, then "off Staten Island" with a letter dated July 28, 1776.
26
26
#
26
Location
London, United Kingdom
Owner
The National Archives, Colonial Office Papers
Provenance
Discovered in box of documents in 2009. Exact provenance is currently unknown.
#
Location
Owner
Provenance
Reference
1
New Haven, Connecticut
Beinecke Library, Yale University
2
Bloomington, Indiana
Lilly Library, Indiana University
Previous owner was Henry N. Flynt of Greenwich, Connecticut.
3
Portland, Maine
Maine Historical Society
Given to the society in 1893 at the bequest of John S. H. Fogg.
4
Chicago, Illinois
Chicago Historical Society
Signed by John Steward (1747–1829) of Goshen, New York; sold July 2, 1975, at auction, by Christie's, London; later sold to the Chicago Historical Society.
5
Baltimore, Maryland
Maryland Historical Society
Fragment of upper left area of the document, including the first 36 lines.
6
Boston, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Historical Society
7
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Houghton Library, Harvard University
Donated in 1947 by Carleton R. Richmond.
8
Williamstown, Massachusetts
Williams College
Previously owned by the Wood family; sold at auction, April 22, 1983, by Christie's, New York.
9
Princeton, New Jersey
Scheide Library, Firestone Library, Princeton University
Currently owned by William R. Scheide; bought by John H. Scheide from A. S. W. Rosenbach.
10
New York, New York(last known location)
Private collector
Sold by the New-York Historical Society to a private collector in the United States, sometime between 1993 and 2008.
11
New York, New York
New York Public Library
12
New York, New York
Morgan Library
Once owned by the Chew family; sold April 1, 1982, at auction at Christie's, New York.
13
Exeter, New Hampshire
American Independence Museum
Copy discovered in 1985 in the Ladd-Gilman House in Exeter.
14
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American Philosophical Society
Acquired from the Library of Congress in 1901 in a trade for Benjamin Franklin's Passy imprint of The Boston Independent Chronicle "Supplement."
15
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Fragment including the first 32 lines, thought to be likely an uncorrected proof, from the Frank M. Etting collection; Etting asserted it was this document that had been read in public. However, Charles Henry Hart wrote in 1900: "The endorsement is in the handwriting of the late Frank M. Etting, who died insane, one of the most inexact and inaccurate of collectors."
16
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Independence National Historical Park
Previously owned by Col. John Nixon, appointed by the sheriff of Philadelphia to read the Declaration of Independence to the public on July 8, 1776, in the State House yard; presented to the park by his heirs in 1951.
17
Dallas, Texas
Dallas Public Library
"The Leary Copy" discovered in 1968 amid the stock of Leary's Book Store of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a crate that had been unopened since 1911. Ira G. Corn Jr. and Joseph P. Driscoll of Dallas bought the manuscript on May 7, 1969. A group of 17 people later sold it to the Dallas city government.
18
Charlottesville, Virginia
University of Virginia
1/2. Found in 1955 in an attic in Albany, New York, where it had been used to wrap other papers. Bought by Charles E. Tuttle Company of Rutland, Vermont; later sold to David Randall, who sold it in 1956 to the university.
19
Charlottesville, Virginia
University of Virginia
2/2. "The H. Bradley Martin Copy"; exhibited at the Grolier Club in 1974; sold on January 31, 1990, to Albert H. Small, who gave it to the university.
20
Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division
Acquired in 1867 as part of the purchase of documents assembled by Peter Force.
21
Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division, Washington Papers
Fragment copy with 54 lines; thought to be the copy George Washington read to the troops on July 9, 1776, in New York.
22
Washington, D.C.
National Archives
Inserted into the Continental Congress manuscript journal, previously attached with a seal.
23
Roving copy
Norman Lear
Found in the back of a picture frame bought at a yard sale for $4.00 at an Adamstown, Pennsylvania flea market; now owned by a consortium which includes Norman Lear; sold in 2000 for $8.14 million; previously sold for $2.42 million on June 4, 1991.
24
London, United Kingdom
The National Archives, Colonial Office Papers
General William Howe and Vice Admiral Richard Howe from the flagship Eagle, off Staten Island, sent this copy with a letter dated August 11, 1776, which states, "A printed copy of this Declaration of Independency came accidentally to our hands a few days after the dispatch of the Mercury packet, and we have the honor to enclose it."
25
London, United Kingdom
The National Archives, Admiralty Papers
Vice Admiral Richard Howe sent this copy from the flagship Eagle, then "off Staten Island" with a letter dated July 28, 1776.
26
London, United Kingdom
The National Archives, Colonial Office Papers
Discovered in box of documents in 2009. Exact provenance is currently unknown.

References

  1. Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 1:421.
  2. Information Bulletin
    https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9907/jeffdec.html
  3. see "Virginia Declaration of Rights" Archived 4 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine
    http://cdn.constitutionreader.com/files/pdf/constitution/ch19.pdf
  4. Information Bulletin
    https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9907/jeffpres.html
  5. Boyd, "Lost Original", 446.
  6. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/02/AR2010070205525.html
  7. Becker, Declaration of Independence, 142 note 1. Boyd (Papers of Jefferson, 1:427–28) casts doubt on Becker's belief tha
  8. Maier, 100.
  9. Becker, 139.
  10. Widmer.
  11. Boyd, "Lost Original", 449.
  12. Boyd, "Lost Original", 450.
  13. Boyd, "Lost Original", 448–50.
  14. Here
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120312030133/http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=psu.pmhb/1172693612
  15. Boyd, "Lost Original", 452.
  16. Walsh, Michael J. "Contemporary Broadside Editions of the Declaration of Independence". Harvard University. Harvard Libr
    http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:397527
  17. Phillips, Heather A., Safety and Happiness; The Paradox of the Declaration of Independence. The Early America Review, V
    http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2007_summer_fall/preserving-documents.html
  18. Illustration for Widmer, Ted, "Looking for Liberty", oped commentary article, The New York Times, July 4, 2008, accessed
    https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/07/04/opinion/04opart.ready.html
  19. Boyd, "Lost Original", 453.
  20. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/04/03/hidden-copy-of-declaration-of-independence-to-be-auctioned/8a5b3879-27b6-4685-817d-038071b43384/
  21. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/5727812/Rare-copy-of-United-States-Declaration-of-Independence-found-in-Kew.html
  22. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/04/nyregion/sotheby-s-challenged-in-selling-declaration.html
  23. The Library of Congress
    https://blogs.loc.gov/bibliomania/2023/07/04/printing-the-declaration-of-independence/
  24. "Projects - The Norman Lear Center"
    http://www.learcenter.org/html/projects/?cm=doi
  25. "Reliam: Maintenance Page"
    http://www.declareyourself.com/about_us/about_us_73.html
  26. Christies.com
    https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/fine-printed-manuscript-americana/rare-contemporary-broadside-edition-declaration-independence-goodspeed-6/116429
  27. Smithsonian Magazine
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-rare-printing-of-the-declaration-of-independence-could-sell-for-4-million-180985851/#:~:text=As%20the%20Portsmouth%20Herald's,$3.4%20million%20over%20the%20summer.
  28. www.sothebys.com
    https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2025/the-declaration-of-independence-the-july-1776-essex-broadside/the-declaration-of-independence-the-july-1776
  29. Portsmouth Herald
    https://www.seacoastonline.com/story/news/local/exeter-news-letter/2010/11/12/robert-luist-fowle-exeter-s/51381152007/
  30. TheValue.com
    https://en.thevalue.com/articles/auction-house-sothebys-new-york-declaration-of-independence-july-4-1776-postsale
  31. Charters of Freedom
    https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_history.html
  32. A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions: The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070625075506/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dube/inde2.htm
  33. A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions: The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070816154542/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dube/inde8.htm
  34. "Lauinger Library owns a very expensive document"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120808095249/http://blog.georgetownvoice.com/2010/07/06/georgetown-lauinger-declaration-of-independence-broadside/
  35. The Times of India
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121105110137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-01/india/28142332_1_himachal-tourism-copy-himachal-pradesh
  36. www.thecitizen.in
    https://web.archive.org/web/20211227210809/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15315/steady-decline-from-simla-to-shimla-and-now-to-shyamala
  37. This copy of the Declaration renders the "u" in United States in small case, "united States", one of several variations
  38. "Journals of the Continental Congress --FRIDAY, JULY 19, 1776"
    http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID%20@lit(jc00538)):
  39. Gustafson, "Travels of the Charters of Freedom".
    https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/winter/travels-charters.html
  40. National Archives.
    https://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/declaration.html
  41. STV News
    https://news.stv.tv/scotland/copy-of-us-declaration-of-independence-found-in-scottish-attic
  42. Malone, Story of the Declaration, 257.
  43. The New York Times Magazine
    https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30E14F7355812738DDDAF0894DC405B848EF1D3
  44. Malone, Story of the Declaration, 263.
  45. "National Archives Press Release"
    https://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/charters.html#pressrelaese1
  46. "A New Era Begins for the Charters of Freedom"
    https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_preservation_01.html
  47. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/04/24/a-rare-copy-of-the-declaration-of-independence-has-been-found-in-england/
  48. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/21/declaration-of-independence-sussex-england-rare
  49. Declaration Resources Project
    http://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/resources/sussex-dec
  50. "Rare Parchment American Declaration of Independence Found in Chichester Records Office"
    https://www.chichester.co.uk/news/rare-parchment-american-declaration-independence-found-chichester-records-office-858171
  51. Papers of the Bibliographic Society of America
    http://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/files/declaration/files/allen_and_sneff_sussex_declaration_material_evidence_4.20.17.pdf
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