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Philippe Pétain

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Philippe Pétain

Henri Philippe Bénoni Omer Joseph Pétain (French: [filip petɛ̃]; 24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), better known as Marshal Pétain (French: maréchal Pétain, [maʁeʃal petɛ̃]), was a French military officer who commanded the French Army in World War I and later became the head of the collaborationist regime of Vichy France, from 1940 to 1944, during World War II. Pétain was admitted to the Saint-Cyr Military Academy in 1876 and pursued a career in the military, achieving the rank of colonel by the outbreak of World War I. He led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long Battle of Verdun, for which he was called "the Lion of Verdun" (French: le lion de Verdun). After the failed Nivelle Offensive and subsequent mutinies, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief and succeeded in restoring control. Pétain remained in command for the rest of the war and emerged as a national hero. During the interwar period, he was head of the peacetime French Army, commanded joint Franco-Spanish operations during the Rif War and served twice as a government minister. During this time he was known as le vieux Maréchal ("the Old Marshal"). On 16 June 1940, with the imminent Fall of France and the government desire for an armistice, Prime Minister Paul Reynaud resigned, recommending to President Albert Lebrun that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux. The government then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of Vichy in central France. It voted to transform the French Third Republic into the French State, better known as Vichy France, an authoritarian puppet regime that was allowed to govern the southeast of France and which collaborated with the Axis powers. After Germany and Italy occupied all of France in November 1942, Pétain's government worked closely with the German military administration. After the war, Pétain was tried and convicted for treason. He was originally sentenced to death, but due to his age and World War I service his sentence was commuted to life in prison. His journey from military obscurity, to hero of France during World War I, to collaborationist ruler during World War II, led his successor Charles de Gaulle to declare that Pétain's life was "successively banal, then glorious, then deplorable, but never mediocre". Pétain, who was 84 years old when he became Prime Minister and later Head of State, remains both the oldest person to become the head of government and the oldest person to become the head of state of France.

Infobox

Prime Minister
Édouard Daladier Paul Reynaud
Preceded by
Eirik Labonne
Succeeded by
François Piétri
President
Albert Lebrun
Deputy
Camille ChautempsPierre LavalPierre-Étienne FlandinFrançois Darlan
Minister of War
Alexandre Millerand
Chief of Staff
Joseph Joffre
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Georges Bonnet Édouard Maladier Paul Reynaud
Born
Henri Philippe Bénoni Omer Joseph Pétain24 April 1856Cauchy-à-la-Tour, France
Died
23 July 1951(1951-07-23) (aged 95)Île d'Yeu, France
Spouse
mw- Eugénie Hardon (m. 1920)
Allegiance
French Third RepublicVichy France
Branch/service
French Army
Years of service
1876–1945
Rank
Général d'armée (revoked)
Battles/wars
World War IRif WarWorld War II
Awards
Marshal of FranceMilitary Medal
Conviction
Treason
Criminal penalty
Death; commuted to life imprisonment

Tables

· Military ranks
12 July 1900
12 July 1900
Cadet
187615 August 1945 (after degradation for war crimes)
Sub-lieutenant
1878
Lieutenant
12 December 1883
Captain
1889 (brevet)12 July 1890 (substantive)
Battalion chief
12 July 1900
Lieutenant colonel
23 March 1907
Marshal of France
Marshal of France
Cadet
Colonel
Sub-lieutenant
Brigade general
Lieutenant
Divisional general
Captain
Divisional general holding higher command
Battalion chief
Marshal of France
21 November 1918
21 November 1918
Cadet
1 January 1910 (brevet)
Sub-lieutenant
30 August 1914
Lieutenant
14 September 1914
Captain
20 April 1915
Battalion chief
21 November 1918
Cadet
Sub-lieutenant
Lieutenant
Captain
Battalion chief
Lieutenant colonel
187615 August 1945 (after degradation for war crimes)
1878
12 December 1883
1889 (brevet)12 July 1890 (substantive)
12 July 1900
23 March 1907
Colonel
Brigade general
Divisional general
Divisional general holding higher command
Marshal of France
1 January 1910 (brevet)
30 August 1914
14 September 1914
20 April 1915
21 November 1918
· External links
Preceded byRobert Nivelle
Preceded byRobert Nivelle
Military offices
Preceded byRobert Nivelle
Military offices
Commander-in-Chief of the French Army 17 May 1917 – January 1920
Military offices
Succeeded byHimselfas Vice President of the Superior War Council
Succeeded byEdmond Buatas Chief of Staff of the Army
Succeeded byEdmond Buatas Chief of Staff of the Army
Military offices
Succeeded byEdmond Buatas Chief of Staff of the Army
Preceded byHimselfas Commander-in-Chief
Preceded byHimselfas Commander-in-Chief
Military offices
Preceded byHimselfas Commander-in-Chief
Military offices
Vice President of the Superior War Council January 1920 – February 1931
Military offices
Succeeded byMaxime Weygand
Political offices
Political offices
Military offices
Political offices
Preceded byPaul Reynaud
Preceded byPaul Reynaud
Military offices
Preceded byPaul Reynaud
Military offices
Prime Minister of France 1940–1942
Military offices
Succeeded byPierre Laval
Preceded byAlbert Lebrunas President
Preceded byAlbert Lebrunas President
Military offices
Preceded byAlbert Lebrunas President
Military offices
Head of the French State 1940–1944
Military offices
Succeeded byCharles de Gaulleas Chairman of the Provisional Government
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Military offices
Regnal titles
Preceded byAlbert Lebrun andJustí Guitart i Vilardebó
Preceded byAlbert Lebrun andJustí Guitart i Vilardebó
Military offices
Preceded byAlbert Lebrun andJustí Guitart i Vilardebó
Military offices
Co-Prince of Andorra 1940–1944with Justí Guitart i Vilardebó (1940)Ricard Fornesa (acting) (1940–1943)Ramon Iglesias i Navarri (1942–1944)
Military offices
Succeeded byCharles de Gaulle andRamon Iglesias i Navarri
Records
Records
Military offices
Records
Preceded byThe King of SwedenGustaf V
Preceded byThe King of SwedenGustaf V
Military offices
Preceded byThe King of SwedenGustaf V
Military offices
The oldest current head of state 11 July 1940 – 19 August 1944
Military offices
Succeeded byThe King of SwedenGustaf V
Preceded byGuillermo Tell Villegas Pulido
Preceded byGuillermo Tell Villegas Pulido
Military offices
Preceded byGuillermo Tell Villegas Pulido
Military offices
Oldest living state leader 25 July 1949 – 23 July 1951
Military offices
Succeeded byPedro Lascuráin
Military offices
Preceded byRobert Nivelle
Commander-in-Chief of the French Army 17 May 1917 – January 1920
Succeeded byHimselfas Vice President of the Superior War Council
Succeeded byEdmond Buatas Chief of Staff of the Army
Preceded byHimselfas Commander-in-Chief
Vice President of the Superior War Council January 1920 – February 1931
Succeeded byMaxime Weygand
Political offices
Preceded byPaul Reynaud
Prime Minister of France 1940–1942
Succeeded byPierre Laval
Preceded byAlbert Lebrunas President
Head of the French State 1940–1944
Succeeded byCharles de Gaulleas Chairman of the Provisional Government
Regnal titles
Preceded byAlbert Lebrun andJustí Guitart i Vilardebó
Co-Prince of Andorra 1940–1944with Justí Guitart i Vilardebó (1940)Ricard Fornesa (acting) (1940–1943)Ramon Iglesias i Navarri (1942–1944)
Succeeded byCharles de Gaulle andRamon Iglesias i Navarri
Records
Preceded byThe King of SwedenGustaf V
The oldest current head of state 11 July 1940 – 19 August 1944
Succeeded byThe King of SwedenGustaf V
Preceded byGuillermo Tell Villegas Pulido
Oldest living state leader 25 July 1949 – 23 July 1951
Succeeded byPedro Lascuráin

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