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Pervez Musharraf

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Pervez Musharraf

Pervez Musharraf (11 August 1943 – 5 February 2023) was a Pakistani politician and a military officer who served as the tenth president of Pakistan from 2001 to 2008. He overthrew Nawaz Sharif's government in the 1999 coup d'état and proclaimed himself the chief executive of Pakistan, under martial law. Prior to his career in politics, he was a four-star general and appointed as the chief of Army Staff and, later, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998. He was the leading architect of the Kargil War between India and Pakistan in 1999. When prime minister Nawaz unsuccessfully attempted to dismiss general Musharraf, after the war, from his command assignments, the Army GHQ took over the control of the civilian government, which allowed him to control the military and the civilian government. In 2001, Musharraf seized the presidency through a legal order and a referendum but was constitutionally confirmed in this capacity in 2004. With a new amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, his presidency sponsored the premierships of Zafarullah Jamali and later Shaukat Aziz and played a major role in the American-led war on terror in Afghanistan. On social issues, his presidency promoted social liberalism under his enlightened moderation program; and on economic front, the privatisation and economic liberalisation was aggressively pursued though the Aziz's premiership that sharply rose the overall gross domestic product (GDP). However, with continued bans on trade unions and the decline of social security, economic inequality rose at a rapid rate. The Musharraf presidency also suffered with containing the religiously-motivated terrorism, violence, tribal nationalism, and Islamic fundamentalism. His presidency was also accused of violating the fundamental rights granted in the constitution. In 2007, he attempted to seize control of the Supreme Court by approving the relieve of the Chief Justice of Pakistan, and later suspended the writ of the constitution, which led to fall of his presidency dramatically when he resigned to avoid impeachment in 2008. In 2013, Musharraf returned to Pakistan to participate in the general election but was later disqualified from participating when lawsuits were filed against him in the country's high courts alleging involvement in the assassinations of politicians Akbar Bugti and Benazir Bhutto. Furthermore, Prime Minister Sharif instructed his administration to open an inquiry and filed a proceeding in Supreme Court regarding the suspension of the writ of the constitution in 2007. In 2014, Musharraf was declared an "absconder" in the Bugti and Bhutto assassination cases by virtue of moving to Dubai due to failing health. Finally in 2019, the Special Court found Musharraf of guilty of violating the constitution in 2007, and upheld a verdict that sentenced him to death in absentia. Musharraf died at age 79 in Dubai in 2023 after a prolonged case of amyloidosis. His legacy is seen as mixed; his time in power saw the emergence of a more assertive middle class, but his open disregard for civilian institutions greatly weakened democracy and the state of Pakistan.

Infobox

Prime Minister
See list Nawaz Sharif Zafarullah Khan Jamali Shaukat Aziz Muhammad Mian Soomro (caretaker)
Preceded by
Jehangir Karamat
Succeeded by
Ashfaq Parvez Kayani
President
mw- Muhammad Rafiq Tarar Himself
Born
Syed Pervez Musharraf(1943-08-11)11 August 1943Delhi, British India
Died
5 February 2023(2023-02-05) (aged 79)Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Resting place
Army Graveyard, Karachi
Citizenship
British subject (until 1947) Pakistan (after 1947)
Political party
All Pakistan Muslim League
Other politicalaffiliations
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
Spouse
mw- Sehba (m. 1968)
Children
2
Alma mater
Pakistan Military Academy Command and Staff College National Defence University Royal College of Defence
Awards
Full list
Allegiance
Pakistan
Branch/service
Pakistan Army
Years of service
1964–2007
Rank
General
Unit
Regiment of Artillery
Commands
I Corps Special Services Group Director General Military Operations 40th Infantry Division
Battles/wars
mw- li Indo-Pakistani Wars War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen War Kargil War Afghan Civil War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 1999 Pakistani coup d'état India–Pakistan standoff (2001) War on terror Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Insurgency in Balochistan
Party
All Pakistan Muslim League

Tables

· Effective dates of promotion
Insignia
Rank
Date
General, COAS
Oct 1998
Lieutenant-General
1995
Major-General
1991
Brigadier
1987
Colonel
1978
Lieutenant Colonel
1974
Major
1972
Captain
1966
Lieutenant
1965
Second Lieutenant
1964
· Awards and decorations
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War (War Star 1971)
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War (War Star 1971)
Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Order of Excellence)
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War (War Star 1971)
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Crescent of Excellence)
Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War (War Medal 1965) With MiD or Imtiazi Sanad
Tamgha-e-Basalat (Medal of Good Conduct)
Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War (War Medal 1971)
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965)
Tamgha-e-Baqa (Nuclear Test Medal) 1998
Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan (Escalation with India Medal) 2002
Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan (Escalation with India Medal) 2002
Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Order of Excellence)
Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan (Escalation with India Medal) 2002
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Crescent of Excellence)
10 Years Service Medal
Tamgha-e-Basalat (Medal of Good Conduct)
20 Years Service Medal
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965)
30 Years Service Medal
35 Years Service Medal
35 Years Service Medal
Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Order of Excellence)
35 Years Service Medal
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Crescent of Excellence)
40 Years Service Medal
Tamgha-e-Basalat (Medal of Good Conduct)
Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e- Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam (100th Birth Anniversary of Muhammad Ali Jinnah) 1976
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965)
Hijri Tamgha (Hijri Medal) 1979
Jamhuriat Tamgha (Democracy Medal) 1988
Jamhuriat Tamgha (Democracy Medal) 1988
Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Order of Excellence)
Jamhuriat Tamgha (Democracy Medal) 1988
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Crescent of Excellence)
Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha (Resolution Day Golden Jubilee Medal) 1990
Tamgha-e-Basalat (Medal of Good Conduct)
Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan (Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal) 1997
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965)
Command & Staff College Quetta Instructor's Medal
Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Order of Excellence)
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Crescent of Excellence)
Tamgha-e-Basalat (Medal of Good Conduct)
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965)
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War (War Star 1971)
Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War (War Medal 1965) With MiD or Imtiazi Sanad
Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War (War Medal 1971)
Tamgha-e-Baqa (Nuclear Test Medal) 1998
Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan (Escalation with India Medal) 2002
10 Years Service Medal
20 Years Service Medal
30 Years Service Medal
35 Years Service Medal
40 Years Service Medal
Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e- Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam (100th Birth Anniversary of Muhammad Ali Jinnah) 1976
Hijri Tamgha (Hijri Medal) 1979
Jamhuriat Tamgha (Democracy Medal) 1988
Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha (Resolution Day Golden Jubilee Medal) 1990
Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan (Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal) 1997
Command & Staff College Quetta Instructor's Medal
· Awards and decorations › Foreign decorations
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Foreign awards
Saudi Arabia
Foreign awards
Order of King Abdul Aziz – Class I
Foreign awards
UAE
UAE
Foreign awards
UAE
Foreign awards
The Order of Zayed
Foreign awards
Foreign awards
Saudi Arabia
Order of King Abdul Aziz – Class I
UAE
The Order of Zayed
· External links › Media coverage
Preceded byKhalid Latif Mughal
Preceded byKhalid Latif Mughal
Military offices
Preceded byKhalid Latif Mughal
Military offices
Commander of I Corps 1995–1998
Military offices
Succeeded bySaleem Haider
Preceded byJehangir Karamat
Preceded byJehangir Karamat
Military offices
Preceded byJehangir Karamat
Military offices
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 1998–2001
Military offices
Succeeded byAziz Khan
Chief of Army Staff 1998–2007
Chief of Army Staff 1998–2007
Military offices
Chief of Army Staff 1998–2007
Military offices
Succeeded byAshfaq Parvez Kayani
Political offices
Political offices
Military offices
Political offices
Preceded byNawaz Sharifas Prime Minister of Pakistan
Preceded byNawaz Sharifas Prime Minister of Pakistan
Military offices
Preceded byNawaz Sharifas Prime Minister of Pakistan
Military offices
Chief Executive of Pakistan 1999–2002
Military offices
Succeeded byZafarullah Khan Jamalias Prime Minister of Pakistan
Preceded byNawaz Sharif
Preceded byNawaz Sharif
Military offices
Preceded byNawaz Sharif
Military offices
Minister of Defence 1999–2002
Military offices
Succeeded byRao Sikandar Iqbal
Preceded byMuhammad Rafiq Tarar
Preceded byMuhammad Rafiq Tarar
Military offices
Preceded byMuhammad Rafiq Tarar
Military offices
President of Pakistan 2001–2008
Military offices
Succeeded byMuhammad Mian SoomroActing
Party political offices
Party political offices
Military offices
Party political offices
New political party
New political party
Military offices
New political party
Military offices
Leader of the All Pakistan Muslim League 2010–2023
Military offices
Vacant
Military offices
Preceded byKhalid Latif Mughal
Commander of I Corps 1995–1998
Succeeded bySaleem Haider
Preceded byJehangir Karamat
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 1998–2001
Succeeded byAziz Khan
Chief of Army Staff 1998–2007
Succeeded byAshfaq Parvez Kayani
Political offices
Preceded byNawaz Sharifas Prime Minister of Pakistan
Chief Executive of Pakistan 1999–2002
Succeeded byZafarullah Khan Jamalias Prime Minister of Pakistan
Preceded byNawaz Sharif
Minister of Defence 1999–2002
Succeeded byRao Sikandar Iqbal
Preceded byMuhammad Rafiq Tarar
President of Pakistan 2001–2008
Succeeded byMuhammad Mian SoomroActing
Party political offices
New political party
Leader of the All Pakistan Muslim League 2010–2023
Vacant

References

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  251. The Economic Times
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  252. The Indian Express
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  253. NDTV.com
    https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharraf-sentenced-to-death-in-high-treason-case-news-agency-ani-quoting-pakistan-media-2150081
  254. "Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan's fugitive ex-leader: Profile"
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  255. "Pakistan Cricket Ambush Controversy Focuses on Security"
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  256. Gulf News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120509072133/http://gulfnews.com/news/world/pakistan/elite-force-should-have-killed-terrorists-1.56274
  257. "Musharraf: Blasphemy law cannot be an excuse for murder"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141026024841/http://beta.kalam.tv/ur/video/59455/
  258. "Musharraf ends exile, announces return to Pakistan"
    http://www.firstpost.com/world/musharraf-ends-exile-announces-return-to-pakistan-645450.html
  259. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21914946
  260. Daily Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101016064449/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C10%5C10%5Cstory_10-10-2010_pg1_7
  261. "Ex-Pakistani strongman vows return ahead of vote"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130324225137/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/pakistans-musharraf-vows-return-despite-risks
  262. Eye Witness News
    http://ewn.co.za/2013/03/23/Taliban-threatens-Musharraf
  263. "Musharraf returns to Pakistan amid death threats"
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  264. The Times of India
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  265. "Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf: Court orders ex-ruler's arrest"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22196101
  266. "Pakistan police arrest ex-President Musharraf"
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  267. DAWN
    http://www.dawn.com/news/803426/judges-detention-case-musharraf-arrives-in-ihc
  268. "In Pakistan, Musharraf placed under house arrest"
    http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/18/world/asia/pakistan-politics/index.html
  269. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22211766
  270. NDTV.com
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  271. The Washington Post
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  272. BBC News Asia
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22305891
  273. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-musharraf-idUSBRE94J08Y20130520
  274. "Pakistan court allows Pervez Musharraf to leave the country"
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  275. MarketWatch
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  276. The Telegraph
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  277. The Nation
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  278. "Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf charged in Benazir Bhutto's death"
    https://www.foxnews.com/world/pakistans-pervez-musharraf-charged-in-death-of-former-leader-bhutto
  279. The Boston Globe
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  280. The Nation
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  281. Dawn
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  282. The Express Tribune
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  283. Salman Masood, Death Sentence Overturned for Pervez Musharraf, Ex-Leader of Pakistan Archived 13 January 2020 at the Way
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  284. Dawn
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  285. Dawn
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  286. (in Vietnamese) Pakistan truy lùng cựu thủ tướng ám sát đối thủ chính trị Archived 7 September 2017 at the Wayback Machi
    https://www.nguoi-viet.com/the-gioi/toa-pakistan-truy-lung-cuu-thu-tuong-trong-vu-sat-doi-thu-chinh-tri/
  287. Former Pakistan leader Musharraf declared fugitive in Bhutto murder case Archived 2 September 2017 at the Wayback Machin
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  288. The Guardian
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  289. "Former Pakistan military ruler sentenced to death for high treason"
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  290. Reuters
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  291. "Pakistan ex-leader Musharraf sentenced to death"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772
  292. "Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf handed death penalty in treason case"
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  293. India Today
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  294. "After conviction, what next for Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf?"
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  295. The Hindu
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  296. The Washington Post
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  297. Dawn
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  298. "Musharraf lawyer in UK calls for retrial in high treason case"
    https://www.geo.tv/latest/262503-musharraf-representiave
  299. The Times of India
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  300. "General Pervez Musharraf"
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  301. In the Line of Fire
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  302. Dawn
    https://www.dawn.com/news/1394063
  303. The Nation
    https://nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2017/mush-wife-daughter-move-court-against-attaching-properties
  304. "Govt Ordered to Take Steps for Musharraf Extradition – Abb Takk News"
    https://abbtakk.tv/en/govt-ordered-to-take-steps-for-musharraf-extradition/
  305. In the Line of Fire
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  306. Hindustan Times
    https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/former-pakistani-president-pervez-musharraf-passes-away-dies-reports-101675577034276.html
  307. The Guardian
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  308. Dawn
    https://www.dawn.com/news/1735814
  309. ThePrint
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  310. BBC News
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  311. Shershaah
  312. Gulf News
    https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/khalifa-and-musharraf-meet-in-bid-to-revive-peace-process-1.156527
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