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Persian language

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi or Parsi, is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties, respectively Iranian Persian (officially known as Persian), Dari Persian (officially known as Dari since 1964), and Tajiki Persian (officially known as Tajik since 1999). It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivative of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, a derivative of the Cyrillic script. Modern Persian is a continuation of Middle Persian, an official language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of Old Persian, which was used in the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE). It originated in the region of Fars (Persia) in southwestern Iran. Its grammar is similar to that of many European languages. Throughout history, Persian was considered prestigious by various empires centered in West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. Old Persian is attested in Old Persian cuneiform on inscriptions from between the 6th and 4th century BC. Middle Persian is attested in Aramaic-derived scripts (Pahlavi and Manichaean) on inscriptions and in Zoroastrian and Manichaean scriptures from between the third to the tenth centuries (see Middle Persian literature). New Persian literature was first recorded in the ninth century, after the Muslim conquest of Persia, since then adopting the Perso-Arabic script. Persian was the first language to break through the monopoly of Arabic on writing in the Muslim world, with Persian poetry becoming a tradition in many eastern courts. It was used officially as a language of bureaucracy even by non-native speakers, such as the Ottomans in Anatolia, the Mughals in South Asia, and the Pashtuns in Afghanistan. It influenced languages spoken in neighboring regions and beyond, including other Iranian languages, the Turkic, Armenian, Georgian, & Indo-Aryan languages. It also exerted some influence on Arabic, while borrowing a lot of vocabulary from it in the Middle Ages. Some of the world's most famous pieces of literature from the Middle Ages, such as the Shahnameh by Ferdowsi, the works of Rumi, the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, the Panj Ganj of Nizami Ganjavi, The Divān of Hafez, The Conference of the Birds by Attar of Nishapur, and the miscellanea of Gulistan and Bustan by Saadi Shirazi, are written in Persian. Some of the prominent modern Persian poets were Nima Yooshij, Ahmad Shamlou, Simin Behbahani, Sohrab Sepehri, Rahi Mo'ayyeri, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, and Forugh Farrokhzad. There are approximately 130 million Persian speakers worldwide, including Persians, Lurs, Tajiks, Hazaras, Iranian Azeris, Iranian Kurds, Balochs, Tats, Afghan Pashtuns, and Aimaqs. The term Persophone might also be used to refer to a speaker of Persian.

Infobox

Pronunciation
[fɒːɾˈsiː] ⓘ
Native to
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li IranAfghanistan (as Dari)Tajikistan (as Tajik)Uzbekistan (as Tajik)IraqTurkmenistanAzerbaijan (as Tat)Russia (Dagestan; as Tat)KuwaitBahrain
Speakers
L1: 91 million (2023–2024)L2: 35 million (2020–2023)Total: 127 million (2020–2024)
Language family
Indo-European Indo-IranianIranianWesternSouthwesternPersian
Early forms
Old Persian Middle Persian Early New Persian
Standard forms
Iranian Persian Afghan Persian Tajik Persian
Dialects
Iranian (Western) Dari (Eastern) Tajik Bukhori Pahlavani Hazaragi Aimaq Judeo-Persian Dehwari Judeo-Tat Caucasian Tat Armeno-Tat Madaklashti
Writing system
Persian alphabet in Iran and Afghanistan Cyrillic (Tajik alphabet) in Tajikistan Old Persian cuneiform (525 BC – 330 BC) Pahlavi scripts (2nd century BC to 7th century AD) Persian Braille
Official language in
Iran Afghanistan (as Dari) Tajikistan (as Tajik) Russia Dagestan (as Tat)
Regulated by
Academy of Persian Language and Literature (Iran) Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan (Afghanistan) Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature (Tajikistan)
ISO 639-1
fa
ISO 639-2
per (B) fas (T)
ISO 639-3
fas – inclusive codeIndividual codes:pes – Iranian Persianprs – Daritgk – Tajik languageaiq – Aimaq dialectbhh – Bukhori dialecthaz – Hazaragi dialectjpr – Judeo-Persianphv – Pahlavanideh – Dehwarijdt – Judeo-Tatttt – Caucasian Tat
Glottolog
fars1254
Linguasphere
58-AAC (Wider Persian) 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)

Tables

Tehrani Persian vowel chart
Close
Close
Col 1
Close
Front
Back
Mid
Mid
Col 1
Mid
Front
e
Back
o
Open
Open
Col 1
Open
Front
æ
Back
ɒː
Front
Back
Close
Mid
e
o
Open
æ
ɒː
Dari vowel chart
long
long
Col 1
long
Front
short
Front
short
Back
long
Close
Close
Col 1
Close
Front
Front
ɪ ~ (ɛ)
Back
ʊ
Back
mid
mid
Col 1
mid
Front
Front
Open
Open
Col 1
Open
Front
a ~ ä
Back
ɑː
Front
Back
long
short
short
long
Close
ɪ ~ (ɛ)
ʊ
mid
Open
a ~ ä
ɑː
Tajik vowel chart
Close
Close
Col 1
Close
Front
i
Central
ʉ ~ ɵ̞
Back
u
mid
mid
Col 1
mid
Front
e
Central
ɔː
Open
Open
Col 1
Open
Front
a
Front
Central
Back
Close
i
ʉ ~ ɵ̞
u
mid
e
ɔː
Open
a
· Phonology › Consonants
Nasal
Nasal
Col 1
Nasal
Labial
m
Alveolar
n
Stop
Stop
Col 1
Stop
Labial
p b
Alveolar
t d
Post-alv./Palatal
t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Velar
k ɡ
Uvular
(q)
Glottal
ʔ
Fricative
Fricative
Col 1
Fricative
Labial
f v
Alveolar
s z
Post-alv./Palatal
ʃ ʒ
Velar
x ɣ
Glottal
h
Tap
Tap
Col 1
Tap
Alveolar
ɾ
Approximant
Approximant
Col 1
Approximant
Alveolar
l
Post-alv./Palatal
j
Labial
Alveolar
Post-alv./Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
Stop
p b
t d
t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
k ɡ
(q)
ʔ
Fricative
f v
s z
ʃ ʒ
x ɣ
h
Tap
ɾ
Approximant
l
j
· Orthography › Persian alphabet › Additions
pe
pe
Sound
/p/
Isolated form
پ
Final form
ـپ
Medial form
ـپـ
Initial form
پـ
Name
pe
če (che)
če (che)
Sound
/tʃ/
Isolated form
چ
Final form
ـچ
Medial form
ـچـ
Initial form
چـ
Name
če (che)
že (zhe or jhe)
že (zhe or jhe)
Sound
/ʒ/
Isolated form
ژ
Final form
ـژ
Medial form
ـژ
Initial form
ژ
Name
že (zhe or jhe)
ge (gāf)
ge (gāf)
Sound
/ɡ/
Isolated form
گ
Final form
ـگ
Medial form
ـگـ
Initial form
گـ
Name
ge (gāf)
Sound
Isolated form
Final form
Medial form
Initial form
Name
/p/
پ
ـپ
ـپـ
پـ
pe
/tʃ/
چ
ـچ
ـچـ
چـ
če (che)
/ʒ/
ژ
ـژ
ـژ
ژ
že (zhe or jhe)
/ɡ/
گ
ـگ
ـگـ
گـ
ge (gāf)
· Orthography › Persian alphabet › Additions
βe
βe
Sound
/β/
Isolated form
ڤ
Final form
ـڤ
Medial form
ـڤـ
Initial form
ڤـ
Name
βe
Sound
Isolated form
Final form
Medial form
Initial form
Name
/β/
ڤ
ـڤ
ـڤـ
ڤـ
βe
· Orthography › Persian alphabet › Variations
ke (kāf)
ke (kāf)
Arabic style letter
ك
Persian style letter
ک
Name
ke (kāf)
ye
ye
Arabic style letter
ي
Persian style letter
ی
Name
ye
Arabic style letter
Persian style letter
Name
ك
ک
ke (kāf)
ي
ی
ye
Iranian Persian (Naskh)
Iranian Persian (Naskh)
Iranian Persian (Nastaʿlīq)
Iranian Persian (Naskh)
همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
mw- همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.‎
Iranian Persiantransliteration
Iranian Persiantransliteration
Iranian Persian (Nastaʿlīq)
Iranian Persiantransliteration
همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
Hame-ye afrād-e bashar āzād be donyā mi āyand o heysiyat o hoquq-e shān bā ham barābar ast, hame andishe o vejdān dārand o bāyad dar barābare yekdigar bā ruh-e barādari raftār konand.
Iranian Persian IPA
Iranian Persian IPA
Iranian Persian (Nastaʿlīq)
Iranian Persian IPA
همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
[hæmeje æfrɒde bæʃær ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjænd o hejsijæt o hoɢuɢe ʃɒn bɒ hæm bærɒbær æst hæme ʃɒn ændiʃe o vedʒdɒn dɒrænd o bɒjæd dær bærɒbære jekdiɡær bɒ ruhe bærɒdæri ræftɒr konænd]
Tajiki
Tajiki
Iranian Persian (Nastaʿlīq)
Tajiki
همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
Ҳамаи афроди башар озод ба дунё меоянд ва ҳайсияту ҳуқуқашон бо ҳам баробар аст, ҳамаашон андешаву виҷдон доранд ва бояд дар баробари якдигар бо рӯҳи бародарӣ рафтор кунанд.
Tajikitransliteration
Tajikitransliteration
Iranian Persian (Nastaʿlīq)
Tajikitransliteration
همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
Hamai afrodi bashar ozod ba dunjo meoyand va haysiyatu huquqashon bo ham barobar ast, hamaashon andeshavu vijdon dorand va boyad dar barobari yakdigar bo rūhi barodarī raftor kunand.
English translation
English translation
Iranian Persian (Nastaʿlīq)
English translation
همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Iranian Persian (Nastaʿlīq)
همهی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا میآیند و حیثیت و حقوقشان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
Iranian Persian (Naskh)
mw- همهی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا میآیند و حیثیت و حقوقشان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.‎
Iranian Persiantransliteration
Hame-ye afrād-e bashar āzād be donyā mi āyand o heysiyat o hoquq-e shān bā ham barābar ast, hame andishe o vejdān dārand o bāyad dar barābare yekdigar bā ruh-e barādari raftār konand.
Iranian Persian IPA
[hæmeje æfrɒde bæʃær ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjænd o hejsijæt o hoɢuɢe ʃɒn bɒ hæm bærɒbær æst hæme ʃɒn ændiʃe o vedʒdɒn dɒrænd o bɒjæd dær bærɒbære jekdiɡær bɒ ruhe bærɒdæri ræftɒr konænd]
Tajiki
Ҳамаи афроди башар озод ба дунё меоянд ва ҳайсияту ҳуқуқашон бо ҳам баробар аст, ҳамаашон андешаву виҷдон доранд ва бояд дар баробари якдигар бо рӯҳи бародарӣ рафтор кунанд.
Tajikitransliteration
Hamai afrodi bashar ozod ba dunjo meoyand va haysiyatu huquqashon bo ham barobar ast, hamaashon andeshavu vijdon dorand va boyad dar barobari yakdigar bo rūhi barodarī raftor kunand.
English translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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